Transcript Limit-Fed Grain Diets For Beef Cows
Feeding and Managing Cows on High Grain Diets
Steve Paisley UW Extension Beef Specialist
Historical Example of Limit-Feeding Winter Rations
Limit-Feed?
Feed Hay?
CURSE
Cull the herd rigorously Use alternative feeds Re-sort, analyze, and Ration hay Substituting grain for our forages Early weaning Gerry Kuhl, KSU
Energy Value of Corn vs Hay
Dry, shelled corn: 2.60 / bu = $.046 / lb = $93/ton As-fed 86% DM, 1.02 Mcals/lb $.046 ÷ .86 = $.054 / lb DM $.054 ÷ 1.02 Mcal/lb = $.053 / Mcal NEm Average Hay typically = .55 Mcal / lb, so: an equivalent hay price would have to be: $.053 X .55 = $.029 / lb DM $.029 X .88 = $.0256 / lb As-fed = $51 / ton
Relative price/ton for native hay
Corn, $/bu $1.40
$1.60
$1.80
$2.00
$2.20
$2.40
$2.60
$2.80
$3.00
$140 $160 40.32 42.62
43.77 46.08
47.22 49.53
50.68 52.98
54.13 56.44
57.58 59.89
61.04 63.34
64.49 66.80
67.95 70.25
Purchase price for Soybean Meal, $/ton $180 44.93
48.38
51.84
55.29
58.74
62.20
65.65
69.10
72.56
$200 47.24
50.69
54.14
57.60
61.05
64.50
67.96
71.41
74.86
$220 49.54
52.99
56.45
59.90
63.36
66.81
70.26
73.72
77.17
$240 51.85
55.30
58.75
62.21
65.66
69.11
72.57
76.02
79.48
$260 54.15
57.61
61.06
64.51
67.97
71.42
74.87
78.33
81.78
$280 56.46
59.91
63.37
66.82
70.27
73.73
77.18
80.63
84.09
$300 58.77
62.22
65.67
69.13
72.58
76.03
79.49
82.94
86.39
Formula used: 1 lb of 12% native hay = .4835 lb corn + .1153 lb SBM
Dried Corn Gluten Feed, $/ton Price comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.94 Mcal/lb) and CP (25%)
Corn, $/bu Soybean Meal (44%), $/ton
$ 180.00
$ 200.00
$ 220.00
$ 1.60
$ $ 1.80
2.00
102.23
106.30
110.37
109.97
114.04
118.11
117.71
121.78
125.85
$ 2.20
$ 2.40
$ 2.60
$ 2.80
$ 3.00
114.45
118.52
122.59
126.66
130.73
122.19
126.26
130.33
134.40
138.47
129.93
134.00
138.07
142.14
146.21
$ 240.00
125.45
129.52
133.59
137.67
141.74
145.81
149.88
153.95
$ 260.00
133.19
137.26
141.33
145.41
149.48
153.55
157.62
161.69
$ 280.00
140.93
145.00
149.07
153.15
157.22
161.29
165.36
169.43
Formula used: 1 lb of CGF = .57 lb corn + .387 lb SBM
Distillers Dried Grains + Solubles, $/ton Price comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.99 Mcal/lb) and CP (25%)
Corn, $/bu Soybean Meal (44%), $/ton
$ 180.00
$ 200.00
$ 220.00
$ $ $ 1.60
1.80
2.00
103.43
107.92
112.41
110.93
115.42
119.91
118.43
122.92
127.41
$ $ $ $ $ 2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
116.90
121.39
125.88
130.37
134.86
124.40
128.89
133.38
137.87
142.36
131.90
136.39
140.88
145.37
149.86
$ 240.00
125.93
130.42
134.91
139.40
143.89
148.38
152.87
157.36
$ 260.00
133.43
137.92
142.41
146.90
151.39
155.88
160.37
164.86
$ 280.00
140.93
145.42
149.91
154.40
158.89
163.38
167.87
172.36
Formula used: 1 lb of DDGS = .629 lb corn + . 375 lb SBM
Wheat Midds, $/ton Price comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.85 Mcal/lb) and CP (18.4%)
Corn, $/bu Soybean Meal (44%), $/ton
$ 180.00
$ 200.00
$ 220.00
$ $ 1.60
1.80
79.15
83.50
84.08
88.43
89.01
93.36
$ 2.00
$ 2.20
$ 2.40
87.84
92.19
96.54
92.77
97.12
101.47
97.70
102.05
106.40
$ 2.60
$ 2.80
$ 3.00
100.88
105.23
109.58
105.81
110.16
114.51
110.74
115.09
119.44
$ 240.00
93.94
98.29
102.63
106.98
111.33
115.67
120.02
124.37
$ 260.00
98.87
103.22
107.56
111.91
116.26
120.61
124.95
129.30
$ 280.00
103.80
108.15
112.50
116.84
121.19
125.54
129.88
134.23
Formula used: 1 lb of Midds = .609 lb corn + .246 lb SBM
Beet Pulp, $/ton Price comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.81 Mcal/lb) and CP (11%): 25% Dry Matter
Corn, $/bu Soybean Meal (44%), $/ton
$ 180.00
$ 200.00
$ 220.00
$ 1.60
$ $ 1.80
2.00
14.25
15.51
16.78
14.70
15.97
17.24
15.16
16.43
17.69
$ 2.20
$ 2.40
$ $ $ 2.60
2.80
3.00
18.04
19.31
20.58
21.84
23.11
18.50
19.77
21.03
22.30
23.57
18.96
20.23
21.49
22.76
24.02
$ 240.00
15.62
16.88
18.15
19.42
20.68
21.95
23.22
24.48
$ 260.00
16.08
17.34
18.61
19.87
21.14
22.41
23.67
24.94
$ 280.00
16.53
17.80
19.07
20.33
21.60
22.86
24.13
25.40
Formula used: (DM Basis) 1 lb of beet pulp = .709 lb corn + .091 lb SBM
Alternative Roughages:
Stalks/Stover Ammoniated straw Sudan Hays Low quality forages
Limit-Fed Wintering Ration Studies:
Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 1
Loerch, 1996 Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration WS Corn, lb Hay (10% CP), lb Supplement*, lb 32.2 10.4 2.6 2.6 Total Feed Cost, $/day Animal Performance 32.2 1.50 15.6 .77 No. of cows Weight change, lb Calf Birth Wt, lb Calf Weaning Wt, lb 41 -31 94.6
a 631 a 29 4.4 103.8
b 674 b Conception rate, % 95.1 90 ab Means differ (P<.05) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu Supp $150/ton * 36% Protein supplement with 3.6% Ca and 1% Phos (As-fed) ** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 2
Loerch, 1996 Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration WS Corn, lb Hay (9.5% CP), lb Supplement*, lb Total Feed cost, $/day 29.1 29.1 1.36 10.8 1.8 2.6 15.2 .75 Animal Performance No. of cows Weight change, lb Calf Birth Wt, lb 41 -51.7
a 95.9 29 -117 b 99.4 Calf Weaning Wt, lb Conception rate, % 585 85.4 590 93.1 ab Means differ (P<.05) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu, Supp $150/ton * 36% Supp. with 3.6% Ca, 1% Phos (As-fed) 60 g/lb Monensin ** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 3
Loerch, 1996 Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration WS Corn, lb Hay (9% CP), lb Supplement*, lb Total Feed Cost, $/day Animal Performance 29.5 29.5 1.37 No. of cows Weight change, lb Calf Birth Wt, lb 41 -136.6
a 97.2
a Calf Weaning Wt, lb Conception rate, % 628 73.2
c ab Means differ (P<.05) ; cd Means differ (P<.08) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu, Supp $150/ton 12.6 2.2 2.2 17.0 642 .81 30 -48.5
b 105.4
b 90.0
d * 36% Protein supplement with 3.6% Ca and 1% Phos (As-fed) ** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
Whole shelled corn vs rolled in limit-fed diets
Item Ration Corn, lb Hay (17.5% CP), lb Total Animal Performance No. of cows Weight change, lb,d Calf gain, lb/d Calf Weaning Wt, lb Conception rate, % Ad-lib hay 35.5 35.5 21/24 -.66 2.60 509 97.7 WS Corn 13.4 9.9 23.4 21/24 -1.10 2.40 500 100 Rolled Corn 13.4 9.9 23.4 21/24 -.84 2.53 507 97.9 Cattle were fed for 62 days (between calving and breeding) Tjardes et al.1998
UW Limit-fed Wintering Diet
Control High Fat Millet Hay Rolled Corn Protein Supp.
Fat Supp.
% CP % TDN 10 lbs 14 lbs .9 lbs
-
10.28
75.36
10 lbs 11 lbs 3.70 lbs 9.39
75.15
UW Limit-fed Cow Condition
Initial wt, BCS 60 d prior to calving Mid - weight, BCS avg 19 d postpartum Control 1333 (5.08) High Fat 1333 (5.05) 1330 (5.49) Breeding wt, BCS avg 60 d postpartum 1274 (5.36)
Calf Performance, UW Study
Item Birth Wt.
Vigor a Rectal Temp., ° F b Control Added Fat SEM P-Value 91.4
92.9
1.66 0.52
1.13
101.72
1.21
101.67
0.06 0.30
0.09 0.68
a 3 = lethargic, unable to stand; 4 = dead at birth.
b Vigor score at calving: 1 = alert vigorous, active; 2 = alert, able to stand; Calf rectal temperature taken within 24 h after birth.
UW Estrous Synchronization
60 d Postpartum EAZI-BREED
CIDR
1 Shot PGF 2
Insert CIDR Remove CIDR PGF 2
Injection CIDR Heat Detect and Breed Day 0 Day 7 Day 13
Response to Synchronization
% Heat Detection % 1st Service 30 d % 1st Service 75 d All Cows 93.46
67.32
62.09
(72.03%)
Feeding and Management
Occasionally, limiting intake may be a good thing!!
Rough guidelines for limit-fed rations based on corn grain
Stage of Production Gestating Lactating, avg. milk Lactating, high milk Corn .75% of BW 1.0% of BW 1.1% of BW Amount to be fed 38 to 44% Supplement Long stemmed grass hay 2 lbs/day 3 lbs/day 3.5 lbs/day .5% of BW .5% of BW .5% of BW OSU Factsheet F-3028
What to Expect
Aggressive behavior at the bunk Consume ration in as little as 20 to 30 minutes
Lots of “free time” to pace, crib
Takes 1 to 2 weeks to “adapt” Increased roughage may help Variation in weight gains/losses?
Hay/concentrate ratio
Bunk Space?
Herd Management
Consider sorting herd into 2 - 3 groups:
Bred Yearlings
Young and Thin cows Mature Cows in Good Condition Consider limit-feeding just one group Watch cattle closely
May not work for all cows
Monitor condition of cows and adjust accordingly
Feed Management
Work up to limit-fed diet slowly
Start with 3-4 lb grain plus free choice hay
Increase grain by no more than 1 lb/day When grain level is reached, begin removing hay Ionophores very beneficial Consistent, accurate feeding
Good management essential
Feed Management
Balance separately for gestation and lactation High Calcium (feedlot) mineral Vitamin A?
Whole shelled vs ground corn?
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Corn
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow Feed, lb as-fed Last 1/3 Preg.
Early Lactation Prairie Hay Rolled Corn 9.0
6.0
9.0
10.0
Soybean Meal Limestone DDGS Beet Pulp 1.5
.1
3.0
.2
Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: DDGS
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow Feed, lb as-fed Last 1/3 Preg.
Early Lactation Prairie Hay Rolled Corn 9.0
3.0
9.0
5.0
Soybean Meal Limestone Dry DDGS Beet Pulp .15
4.0
.2
7.0
Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Beet Pulp
Feed, lb as-fed Prairie Hay Rolled Corn Soybean Meal Limestone/Dical Dry DDGS Beet Pulp Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow Last 1/3 Preg.
Early Lactation 9.0
2.0
9.0
6.0
1.0
- / .1
2.5
.05 / .1
18.0
18.0
Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP Beet Pulp - 25% Dry Matter
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Beet Pulp + DDGS
Feed, lb as-fed Prairie Hay Rolled Corn Soybean Meal Limestone/Dical Dry DDGS Beet Pulp (25%DM) Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow Last 1/3 Preg.
9.0
- / .05
2.5
19.0
Early Lactation Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP Beet Pulp - 17% Dry Matter 9.0
.1 / 6.5
24.0
Additonal Questions
Birth weights of calves
Birth weights appear to be slightly increased, but calving difficulty is not affected Re-breeding
No reported effect on subsequent re breeding rates
Final thoughts
Cattle will take at least 2 wks to adjust Work cattle up slowly Feed extra hay when daily feeding is late/missed
Final thoughts
Consider limit-feeding only part of the herd
Sort cattle into groups Balance rations separately for late gestation and lactation Safety of ration:
Long-stemmed vs ground hay ionophore
processing and amount of grain