Transcript Supplement type and frequency on intake and performance

Concepts in Beef Cow Nutrition
Aaron Stalker
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Introduction
• Feed costs
– Major factor in economic efficiency
• Harvested forages
– Majority of total feed costs
Annual operating costs per cow
Northern Great Plains
500
$419
450
Annual Costs ($)
400
350
Other
300
250
200
150
Vet and Medicine
Pasture
Purchased and
Harvested Feeds
100
50
0
USDA, Economic Research Service, 2002
Annual operating costs per cow
Northern Great Plains
500
$419
450
Annual Costs ($)
400
350
Other
300
Vet and Medicine
250
Pasture
200
150
100
46%
Purchased and
Harvested Feeds
50
0
USDA, Economic Research Service, 2002
Biological Priority for Nutrients
Priority
1
2
3
4
Function
Maintenance
Growth
Milk Production
Reproduction
Plant Cell
PRIMARY
WALL
SECONDARY
WALL
CELL
CONTENTS
•PROTEIN
•SUGARS
•STARCH
•PECTINS
•FATS
CROSS SECTION
Inside
SECONDARY WALL
NEUTRAL
DETERGENT
FIBER (NDF)
HEMICELLULOSE
LIGNIN
CELLULOSE
PRIMARY WALL
OUTSIDE
ACID
DETERGENT
FIBER (ADF)
Ruminal Microorganisms

Ferment Structural Carbohydrates
Volatile Fatty Acids
Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate

Microbial Crude Protein
What is MP?

Metabolizable protein (MP) system
(1996 NRC)
Acknowledges
ruminal microorganisms
 Protein
(nitrogen) requirement
 Separate from host
Degradable
 Fraction
Primary
intake protein (DIP)
of total protein degraded in rumen
source of nitrogen for
What is MP?

Metabolizable protein (MP) system
Undegradable
 Fraction
intake protein (UIP)
of total intake protein not degraded in
rumen
 Passes to small intestine
Metabolizable
 Sum
protein
of digestible microbial protein and
undegradable intake protein
Dietary
Protein
RUMEN
SMALL
INTESTINE
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Undegraded Intake Protein
aka Bypass or Escape
Metabolizable Protein
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Undegraded Intake Protein
aka Bypass or Escape
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Degradable Intake Protein
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
Dietary
Protein
SMALL
INTESTINE
• Demonstration of NRC software
Feed Costs
• Directly related to calving date
• Survey of cow calf producers
– Western and North Central Nebraska
– 80% March-calving herd
– Requires feeding hay
• 2427 kg per cow
(Clark et al., 2004)
Reduce Harvested Forage
• Key Concepts
– Cow nutrient requirements
– Forage nutrient supply
Reduce Harvested Forage
• Key Concepts
– Cow nutrient requirements
– Forage nutrient supply
Metabolizable Protein Requirement of a
1200lb March-Calving Cow, 20 lb milk
1000
Peak Lactation
Fetal Growth
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
Weaning
200
0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Cow Requirement
National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 1996
Biological Priority for Nutrients
Priority
1
2
3
4
Function
Maintenance
Growth
Milk Production
Reproduction
Potential metabolizable protein from native
upland forage in Nebraska Sandhills
1000
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
200
0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Protein Supply
Cow weighing 1200 lbs with 20 lbs peak milk, Adapted from Lardy et al., 2004
Metabolizable Protein Requirement of a
March-Calving Cow and Forage Supply
1000
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
200
0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Protein Supply
Cow Requirement
March Calving Cow weighing 1200 lbs with 20 lb peak milk production
Metabolizable Protein Requirement of a
June-Calving Cow and Forage Supply
1000
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
200
0
Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Protein Supply
Cow Requirement
June Calving Cow weighing 1200 lbs with 20 lb peak milk production
Hypothesis
• June-Calving
– Annual operating costs decreased
• Extend grazing
• Limited Harvested Forage
• Match requirements with supply
Objectives
• Compare productivity
– Traditional: March-calving
– Extended Grazing: June-calving
• Develop net returns budgets
Study Site
*
*
Materials and Methods
• 195 cows
– 75 March-calving: Traditional
– 120 June-calving: Extended Grazing
• First two years not included
• 4 Years of data
– 4 production cycles
Materials and Methods
• 195 cows
– 75 March-calving: Traditional
– 120 June-calving: Extended Grazing
• 60 breeding season on meadow
• 60 breeding season on upland range
• 4 Years of data
– 4 production cycles
Herd Management
• Traditional system
– Fed hay mid-January through April
• Extended Grazing system
– Fed supplement
– Fed hay post-calving and winter storms
Weaning
• Calves weaned at 210 days of age
– Traditional: March-born
• October
– Extended Grazing: June-born
• January
• Pregnancy status determined
• Weaning rates
Post-weaning management
• Traditional: March-born
– Grazed sub-irrigated meadow for 21 days
• Extended Grazing: June-born
– Fed hay and supplement for 21 days
Economic analysis
• Budgets include actual costs of:
– Harvesting hay
– Purchased feed
– Grazing
• Fence and water maintenance
• Monitoring livestock
– Labor
– Operating interest and overhead
– Heifer replacement
– Veterinary and medicine
Economic analysis (cont.)
• Budgets do not include costs of:
– Land
– Property taxes
– Insurance
– Buildings
– Management
Statistical Analysis
• Experimental design
– Completely randomized
• Experimental unit
– Calving system
• Replication year
Statistical Analysis (cont.)
• Proc GLM SAS
• Single degree of freedom orthogonal
contrasts:
– Traditional vs. Extended Grazing
• All measured responses
– Range vs. Meadow within Extended system
• Pregnancy rate
• Weaning rate
Results and Discussion
Pregnancy and weaning rates of cows in
Traditional and Extended Grazing systems
Traditional
Item
Extended Grazing
Range
Range
Meadow
Pregnancy Rate, %ab
94.8
92.1
91.7
Weaning Rate, %ab
88.8
90.2
87.7
aMeans
were similar (P>0.10) for Traditional vs. Extended Grazing.
bMeans were similar (P>0.10) for Range vs. Meadow within Extended
Grazing system.
Pregnancy and weaning rates of cows in
Traditional and Extended Grazing systems
Traditional
Item
Extended Grazing
Range
Range
Meadow
Pregnancy Rate, %ab
94.8
92.1
91.7
Weaning Rate, %ab
88.8
90.2
87.7
aMeans
were similar (P>0.10) for Traditional vs. Extended Grazing.
bMeans were similar (P>0.10) for Range vs. Meadow within Extended
Grazing system.
Weaning weight of calves in Traditional and
Extended Grazing systems
Item
Traditional
Extended Grazing
Weaning weight, kg
220a
189b
Gross value, $
439
428
Sale price, $/45 kg
Cow cost/weaned calf, $
abMeans
90.51
252
102.72
176
differ (P<0.05) for Traditional vs. Extended Grazing.
Gross value of calves in Traditional and
Extended Grazing systems
Item
Traditional
Extended Grazing
Weaning weight, kg
220a
189b
Gross value, $
439
428
Sale price, $/45 kg
Cow cost/weaned calf, $
abMeans
90.51
252
102.72
176
differ (P<0.05) for Traditional vs. Extended Grazing.
Seasonal price index of 227-271 kg
steer calves 1993-2003
106
104
Index
102
100
98
96
94
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
5 Year Average
10 Year Average
Source: USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service, western Nebraska-eastern
Wyoming market 1993-1997, Nebraska auction markets 1998-2003.
Seasonal price index of 227-271 kg
steer calves 1993-2003
106
104
Index
102
100
98
96
94
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
5 Year Average
10 Year Average
Source: USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service, western Nebraska-eastern
Wyoming market 1993-1997, Nebraska auction markets 1998-2003.
Seasonal price index of 227-271 kg
steer calves 1993-2003
106
104
Index
102
100
98
96
94
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
5 Year Average
10 Year Average
Source: USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service, western Nebraska-eastern
Wyoming market 1993-1997, Nebraska auction markets 1998-2003.
Steer calf price 1998-2003
120
115
$/0.45 kg
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
181-226 kg
227-271 kg
272-317 kg
318-362 kg
Source: USDA, Nebraska auction markets 1998-2003.
Sale price of calves in Traditional and
Extended Grazing systems
Item
Traditional
Extended Grazing
Weaning weight, kg
220a
189b
Gross value, $
439
428
Sale price, $/45 kg
Cow cost/weaned calf, $
abMeans
90.51
252
102.72
176
differ (P<0.05) for Traditional vs. Extended Grazing.
Sale price of calves in Traditional and
Extended Grazing systems
Item
Traditional
Extended Grazing
Weaning weight, kg
220a
189b
Gross value, $
439
428
Sale price, $/45 kg
Cow cost/weaned calf, $
abMeans
90.51
252
102.72
176
differ (P<0.05) for Traditional vs. Extended Grazing.
Average resource use for Traditional and
Extended Grazing cows over 4 years
Item
Hay fed, kg
Commercial Supplement, kg
Grazing days
Traditional Extended Grazing
1787
100
44
70
233
357
Feeding labor, hour/head
0.66
0.18
Calving labor, hour/head
0.57
0.30
Average resource use for Traditional and
Extended Grazing cows over 4 years
Item
Hay fed, kg
Commercial Supplement, kg
Grazing days
Traditional Extended Grazing
1787
100
44
70
233
357
Feeding labor, hour/head
0.66
0.18
Calving labor, hour/head
0.57
0.30
Average resource use for Traditional and
Extended Grazing cows over 4 years
Item
Hay fed, kg
Commercial Supplement, kg
Grazing days
Traditional Extended Grazing
1787
100
44
70
233
357
Feeding labor, hour/head
0.66
0.18
Calving labor, hour/head
0.57
0.30
Average resource use for Traditional and
Extended Grazing cows over 4 years
Item
Hay fed, kg
Commercial Supplement, kg
Grazing days
Traditional Extended Grazing
1787
100
44
70
233
357
Feeding labor, hour/head
0.66
0.18
Calving labor, hour/head
0.57
0.30
Average resource use for Traditional and
Extended Grazing cows over 4 years
Item
Hay fed, kg
Commercial Supplement, kg
Grazing days
Traditional Extended Grazing
1787
100
44
70
233
357
Feeding labor, hour/head
0.66
0.18
Calving labor, hour/head
0.57
0.30
Average post-weaning resource use for March
and June born calves over 4 years
Item
Traditional Extended Grazing
Feeding labor, hour/head
-
Hay fed, kg
-
Commercial Supplement, kg
-
47.6
21
-
Grazing days
0.15
200
Average post-weaning resource use for March
and June born calves over 4 years
Item
Traditional Extended Grazing
Feeding labor, hour/head
-
Hay fed, kg
-
Commercial Supplement, kg
-
47.6
21
-
Grazing days
0.15
200
Average post-weaning resource use for March
and June born calves over 4 years
Item
Traditional Extended Grazing
Feeding labor, hour/head
-
Hay fed, kg
-
Commercial Supplement, kg
-
47.6
21
-
Grazing days
0.15
200
Average post-weaning resource use for March
and June born calves over 4 years
Item
Traditional Extended Grazing
Feeding labor, hour/head
-
Hay fed, kg
-
Commercial Supplement, kg
-
47.6
21
-
Grazing days
0.15
200
Summary of Traditional and Extended
Grazing systems
Extended
Grazing
Traditional
Gross value, $
428
439
-11
Cow cost, $
176
252
76
Item
Difference
Net returns per calf in Traditional and
Extended Grazing systems
Extended
Grazing
Traditional
Gross value, $
428
439
-11
Cow cost, $
176
252
76
$252
$187
$65
Item
Net returns
Difference
Conclusions
• Traditional vs. Extended Grazing system
– Similar pregnancy rate
– Similar weaning rate
Conclusions
• Traditional vs. Extended Grazing system
– Weaned calf
– Approximately equivalent value
• Seasonal price
• Price slide
Conclusions
• Traditional vs. Extended Grazing system
– Extended Grazing
• Lower feed costs
• Greater net returns
Implications
• Changing calving date
– Effective means of increasing net returns
• Match
– Cow nutrient requirements
– Forage nutrient supply
• Not March vs. June
Implications
• Date of calving varies
– Geographic location
– Forage resources
Metabolizable Protein Requirement of a
1200lb March-Calving Cow, 20 lb milk
1000
Peak Lactation
Fetal Growth
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
Weaning
200
0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Cow Requirement
National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 1996
Metabolizable Protein Requirement of a
1200lb March-Calving Cow, 20 lb milk
1000
Peak Lactation
Fetal Growth
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
Weaning
200
0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Cow Requirement
National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 1996
Metabolizable Protein Requirement of a
March-Calving Cow and Forage Supply
1000
MP (g/day)
800
600
400
200
0
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Protein Supply
Cow Requirement
March Calving Cow weighing 1200 lbs with 20 lb peak milk production
Weaning Dates
• 8 weaning dates:
– August 18, 1999 to November 24, 1999
– August 16, 2000 to November 22, 2000
(140 to 240 days after calving)
Change in Body Condition
Score
Effect of Weaning Date on Change in Cow
Body Condition Score
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
8/18
R2 = .95
9/1
9/15
9/29
10/13
Date
10/27
11/10
11/24
Weaning and Supplement
Treatments for March Calving Cows
August weaning
1. No protein supplement during winter grazing
2. Protein supplement during winter grazing
November weaning
1. No protein supplement during winter grazing
2. Protein supplement during winter grazing
6.0
Effect of weaning date on
cow body condition score
August
November
5.8
5.5
BCS
5.3
5.0
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.0
Jun.
Aug.
Nov.
Dec.
Mar.
100
Effect of weaning date on
pregnancy rate
P = 0.56
Pregnancy rate (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
96.5
94.2
August
November
Effect of weaning date on
weaning weight
P = <0.001
Weaning weight, lbs
500
400
300
200
100
0
513
391
August
November
800
Effect of weaning date on
carcass weight
P = 0.56
Carcass wt, lbs
700
600
500
788
400
300
200
100
0
780
August
November
6.0
Effect of supplement on
cow body condition score
Supplement
No Supplement
5.8
5.5
BCS
5.3
5.0
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.0
Dec.
Mar.
Jun.
Aug.
Nov.
100
Effect of supplement on
pregnancy rate
P = 0.27
Pregnancy rate (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
95.4
96.9
Supplement
No Supplement
500
Effect of supplement on
weaning weight
Weaning weight, lbs
P = <0.001
400
300
200
100
0
463
441
Supplement
No Supplement
Effect of supplement on
carcass weight
800
P = 0.04
Carcass wt, lbs
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
804
764
Supplement
No Supplement
6.0
Effect of supplement on
cow body condition score
Supplement
No Supplement
5.8
5.5
BCS
5.3
5.0
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.0
Dec.
Mar.
Jun.
Aug.
Nov.
Follow up study
Protein supplement during winter grazing
1. Graze meadow pre breeding
2. Feed hay pre breeding
No Protein supplement during winter grazing
1. Graze meadow pre breeding
2. Feed hay pre breeding
No Protein Supplement
Winter
Protein Supplement
Meadow
Spring
Hay
5.5
Effect of supplement on
cow body condition score
5.3
***
***
5.0
BCS
**
Sup
No Sup
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.0
Dec
Mar
May
June
Oct
100
Pregnancy rate (%)
90
Effect of supplement on
pregnancy rate
93.2
90.3
P = 0.46
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sup
No Sup
Effect of supplement on
percentage
of
live
calves
at
weaning
110
99
Pregnancy rate (%)
100
94
P = 0.02
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sup
No Sup
600
Effect of supplement on
calf weight
P = 0.02
479
Calf weight (lbs)
500
466
400
Sup
No Sup
300
P = 0.29
200
100
81
80
0
Birth
Wean
1000
Effect of supplement on
carcass weight
P = 0.23
Carcass weight (lbs)
900
813
801
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Sup
No Sup
5.5
Effect of meadow grazing on
cow body condition score
***
5.3
BCS
5.0
Meadow
Hay
4.8
4.5
4.3
4.0
Dec
Mar
May
June
Oct
100
Pregnancy rate (%)
90
Effect of meadow grazing on
pregnancy rate
92.0
91.4
P = 0.88
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Meadow
Hay
Effect of meadow grazing on
percentage
of
live
calves
at
weaning
110
Pregnancy rate (%)
100
94.7
97.5
P = 0.15
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Meadow
Hay
600
Effect of meadow grazing on
calf weight
P = 0.01
479
Calf weight (lbs)
500
466
400
Meadow
Hay
300
P = 0.20
200
79
100
81
0
Birth
Wean
Effect of meadow grazing on
carcass
weight
1000
P = 0.67
Carcass weight (lbs)
900
809
805
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Meadow
Hay
How much supplemental protein?
• Cows grazing native winter range, Nebraska
Sandhills:
• 0.4 lb CP mid-late gestation (Dec-Feb)
•
• 0.6 lb CP 30 days pre-calving
•
• 1.0 lb CP 30-45 days post calving
•
How much supplemental protein?
• Cows grazing native winter range, Nebraska
Sandhills:
• 0.4 lb CP mid-late gestation (Dec-Feb)
• 1.5 lb DDG (as fed)
• 0.6 lb CP 30 days pre-calving
• 2.2 lb DDG (as fed)
• 1.0 lb CP 30-45 days post calving
• 3.0 lb DDG (as fed)
How much supplemental protein?
• Cows grazing native winter range, Nebraska
Sandhills:
• 0.4 lb CP mid-late gestation (Dec-Feb)
• 2.0 lb of CP in total diet
• 0.6 lb CP 30 days pre-calving
• 2.2 lbs of CP in total diet
• 1.0 lb CP 30-45 days post calving
• 2.6 lbs of CP in total diet
Price Shop
Calculate the cost per unit of the nutrient(s) you need.
Evaluate other factors.
Purchase in most economical way.
EXAMPLE:
$/Ton of Feed
= $/lb of CP
# of CP/Ton
$200/ton of DDG
600# of CP/Ton DDG
= $.33/lb of CP
Cost of Supplements
Cottonseed Pellets
20% Cube (AN)
32% Liquid (16% NPN)
12% Tub
32% Cube
19% Alf. Hay (Lg Rd. )
17% Alf. Hay
$/Ton
300
265
285
600
320
110
85
% CP Cost of CP
32
0.47
20
0.66
21
0.68
12
2.50
32
0.50
19
0.33
17
0.25
Feed Cost Calculator
• www.westcentral.unl.edu
•Ag manager’s tool box
Body Condition Score
• A measure of energy reserves
• Influences animal
– Reproduction/lactation
– Feed efficiency/gain
– Health
– Maintenance requirements
• Scale 1 – 9 (emaciated to
obese)
BCS 2
Ribs and bone structure easily visible, but no signs of physical
weakness.
BCS 3
Very thin. No visible fat is on the ribs or brisket. Individual
muscles in the hindquarters are easily visible and spinous
processes are very apparent.
BCS 5
There is less than 0.2 inches of fat over the ribeye. Last one
or two ribs may be apparent. No fat is present in the brisket.
BCS 6
Appearance is smooth throughout. Some fat deposition is
apparent in the brisket. Individual ribs are not visible.
BCS 7
Brisket is full. Tail head and pin bones have protruding deposits
of fat on them. Back appears square due to fat.