Transcript Imperialism_2 - Townsend Harris High School

IMPERIALISM:
Aim: Did imperialism leave a legacy of
ruins in the Afro-Asian world, or did it
leave behind lasting benefits in the
areas that it controlled?
COLORS OF THE WIND
You think you own whatever land
you land on
The Earth is just a dead thing you
can claim
But I know every rock and tree and
creature
Has a life, has a spirit, has a name
You think the only people who are
people
Are the people who look and think
like you
But if you walk the footsteps of a
stranger
You'll learn things you never knew
you never knew…
Q: According to this song, why is imperialism a flawed policy?
THE OLD IMPERIALISM
THINK BACK….
Q: What were the motives of the “old
imperialism? (15th-16th centuries)”
European motivation
(The New Imperialism- 19th-20th
centuries)
•
•
•
•
Nationalism
Economic competition
European racism
Missionary impulse
VIEWPOINTS
Concerning Imperialism
The White Man’s Burden
Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899
Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
"Can the Missionary Reach This Old Savage?"
Minneapolis Journal (March 23, 1901).
Devilfish in Egyptian Waters
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
• Arranged by Otto von Bismarck
• 14 European nations lay down rules for
division of Africa
• Rest of continent divided with little thought
of linguistic and cultural concerns
• No Africans represented
• “Scramble of Africa”
Exploring Africa!
• Westerners moved into African interior following
expeditions in the 18th and 19th centuries
• Mungo Park (Scotland) traced Niger River
• Missionary David Livingstone explored Zambezi
basin and Victoria Falls
• American Henry Stanley explored the Congo
• John Speke from England located the source of
the Nile
What were the
only two African
countries that remained
independent by 1914?
http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/divdept/sscience/APEuro_Podcast/podafrica1914.jpg
Belgian Congo
• Belgium controlled the
Congo
• Rubber plantations
• Brutal working conditions
• Congolese villagers were
killed or mutilated if they
didn’t produce enough
• By 1911 the Congolese
population dropped more
than 50% from before the
arrival of the Belgians
http://www.allposters.com
Barrons
Resistance in South Africa
• Shaka applied
sophisticated tactics
and organization to
Zulu resistance
• Shaka called the
“Black Napoleon”
• Zulus fought the
Boers and the British
• British began to annex diamond fields in 1871
• Mines were built and exploited Africans.
• African laborers didn’t have rights and were
segregated
• British provoked the Zulus in 1879 because
there were diamonds in Zulu territory
• British won but suffered many casualties
• Gold also discovered in South Africa
Emancipation of Slaves
• Slave revolts in the 18th-19th centuries
became expensive to suppress
• Slaves did not work enthusiastically
• Price of slaves increased but price of
sugar decreased
• Slavery abolished in British colonies in
1833
• Slavery abolished in the U.S. in 1865
The Boer War 1899-1902
• Afrikaners had migrated
in the mid 1800s because
of tensions with the
British (“The Great Trek”)
• Afrikaners established
three republics: Natal,
Orange Free State, and
the South African
Republic. Became the
South African Republic
• British annexed the
republic in 1877 but the
Afrikaners revolted and
claimed independence in
1881
• Gold discovered in South African province in
1884 drew thousands of British miners to the
area
• Cecil Rhodes, colonial financier, wanted to bring
all of South Africa in to the British Empire
• Boer War 1899-1902 fought between Dutch
Afrikaners and the British in South Africa
• British had a better army but Boers were good
sharpshooters and used guerilla warfare
Tensions increase!
• The Germans publicly supported the
Boers, angering the British
• German-British relations were further
strained by German imperialism in East
Africa (prevented British from building a
continental railroad from Egypt to South
Africa)
How did British imperialism
affect India?
• Early 1700s- British East India Company paid for
the British takeover of India
• British textile mills put local textile makers
(usually women) out of business
• The British left taxation to Zamindars (Indian
officials) who overtaxed and confiscated land
from peasants
• Educational system revamped (Thomas
Macaulay)
• Outlawed Sati and harsh treatment of
untouchables
THE SEPOY MUTINY (1857)
An engraving titled "Sepoy Indian troops dividing the
spoils after their mutiny against British rule" gives a
contemporary view of events from the British perspective
Reactions to Imperialism in India
• Indian National Congress (1885) formed,
with British approval
• Means to discuss issues with British
colonial officials
• All- Indian Muslim League (1906)
• 1915- Mohandas Gandhi returned from
South Africa to preach nonviolent
resistance to British rule
Qian Long:
Letter to George III, 1793
Swaying the wide world, I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain
a perfect governance and to fulfill the duties of the State: strange and costly objects
do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King,
are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you
to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated unto every
country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by
land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no
value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's
manufactures.
Qian Long [Ch'ien Lung], (r. 1735-1795)
Commissioner Lin:
Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839
Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He
who sells opium shall receive the death penalty and he who smokes
it also the death penalty. Now consider this: if the barbarians do not
bring opium, then how can the Chinese people resell it, and how can
they smoke it? The fact is that the wicked barbarians beguile the
Chinese people into a death trap. How then can we grant life only to
these barbarians? . . . Therefore in the new regulations, in regard to
those barbarians who bring opium to China the penalty is fixed at
decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid of a
harmful thing on behalf of mankind…the numerous foreign
merchants… have seduced our Chinese people, and caused every
province of the land to overflow with that poison. These then know
merely to advantage themselves, they care not about injuring others!
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob29.html
TREATY OF NANKING (1842)
• Extraterritoriality (British subjected to their
own laws, not China’s)
• Spheres of Influence
• Reparations ($ to British)
• Hong Kong to Britain (returned in 1997)
Spheres of Influence
Ringmar.net
Google images
THE BOXER REBELLION (1900)
Fei Ch'i-hao (A Chinese Christian)
in 1900:
“Late in July a proclamation of
the Governor was posted in
the city in which occurred the
words, "Exterminate
foreigners, kill devils." Native
Christians must leave the
church or pay the penalty with
their lives. Li Yij and I talked
long and earnestly over plans
for saving the lives of our
beloved missionaries.”
Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi
Q: WHY DID CHINA REMAIN ISOLATED FROM THE WEST
UNTIL THE 19TH CENTURY?