Transcript Lecture Notes EEG 360 - Suedosteuropa Gesellschaft

Energieeffizienz und Potentiale
für den Einsatz
erneurbarer Energien in Mazedonien
27./28. März 2009
Vortrag: Prof. Dr. Goran Rafajlovski, Universität Skopje
Tema I:
ENERGIESICHERHEIT
globale Herausforderungen
wo stehet SOE Staaten und Mazedonien
Tema II:
ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
Tema III:
REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Potenziele für den Einsatz
Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEIT
globale Herausforderungen
Energy Community treaty
Athens October 25, 2005
4. goals and objectives:
1.create a single regulatory space for energy trade
and develop Network Energy market competition
2.establish common integrated electricity and gas
market
Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEIT
globale Herausforderungen
3. Enhance the security of supply of the single
regulatory space by providing a stable investment
climate in which connections to Caspian, North
African and Middle East gas reserves can be
developed
4. Improving the environmental situation in
relation to gas and electricity, related energy
efficiency and renewable energy sources
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
Sustainable Energy Definition:
... Effectively, the provision of energy such that it
meets the needs of the future without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs ...
Sustainable Energy has two key components:
 Renewable Energy
 Energy Efficiency
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
General Background
Economy profile positive aspects
•Modest economic growth 3-6% GDP
•Low inflation rate < 2%
•Macroeconomic stability steadily increased
•Privat sector is growing (share of 65% of GDP)
•Tax reform to attract FDI coorporate income tax 12%
personal income tax 10%
abolished reinvested profit tax
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
General Background
Economy profile negative aspects
•Unemploument is excessive 36% (2008)
•Investment rate < 20% of GDP (last in the Region)
•FDI flow lowest rates among transition Countries
•Low living standards GDP is 25% of the EU average
•Below absolute poverty line - 21% of population
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
General Background
Primary Energy Supply
•Coal 49% and Crude oil 35%
•10 % based on renewable energy sources:
hydro energy, fire wood, geothermal
•Import energy dependance 46%
•Major energy resorce lignite coal
Primary Energy Intensity (TPES/GDP)

40% higher level of primary consumption
than average level in OECD Countries
Total primary energy supply by Fuel 1992-2005
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
General Background
Final Energy use:
Industry with metalurgy (iron and steel industry)largest
energy consuming sector 59% of total energy use
•Residential sector second largest sector electricity is
major energy used including space heating!!!
Total Final Consumption by Fuel 1992-2005
Structure of energy consumption
in Industry by subsector
Total Final Consumption
by Sector
Co2 emmison in sectors
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
Energy Policy
 New Energy Low adopted in Parlament 2006
1.
provide Legal framework for energy market
2.
Straightening the legal basis of the
independet energy regulator established 2003
 Electricity sector restructured - partial privatization
 Gas sector restructured
- advanced privatization
 Oil sector privatisation completed - competitive mark
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien
Energy Policy
Prices for oil gas and electricity regulated
(no direct social subsidies) (electricity price low)
Lack of comprehensive Long term Energy Strategy
Intensiv Focus on RENEWABLES expecially small
Hydro Power
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Policy
No Energy Efficiency Low (Strategy Adoptet 2004)
- technical regulation, Secondary legislation
 Limited budget for Energy Efficiency
Sustainable Energy Project by: Goverment and Global Enviroment
Facilty (GEF) - Aimed: finaced instruments based on maret principal
 Responsible:Ministry of Economy - Energy
Department - Unit energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy Sources ) with limited capacity –one man!!!!
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Policy
PROBLEMS:
1.Wide use of electricity for domestic heating
2. Inefficient energy consumption in buildings
3. Energy low involved local authorities in planing and
imlementation .Howerever bulding relavant capacities is
progressing slowly
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Financing Energy Efficiency
Onlu through intenational cooperation:
1.Netherlands PSO Programme (3mil EUR)
2.Austrian Develop. Agency (Solar and geotermal 1.12 mil EUR)
3. Switzerland SECO (energy efficient distribution 1.21.mil CHF)
4. USAID (Energy efficient Strategy 2020)
5. EBRD (power sector reform,industrial energy efficiency project)
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Financing Energy Efficiency
Main Opstacles to expand investment in
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
1. Limited access to medium-term financing
2. Lack of expirience of the local financing inctitution
3. Limited development of local energy services industry
4. Low awareness of the economic benefits
5. Low energy prices
To adress these barriers Goverment of Macedonia
initated some Project:
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects
World Bank Projekts:
Sustainable Energy Project (March 2007 to Sept 2010)
- Global Enviroment Facility GEF (5.85 mil USD grant)
- Macedonian Goverment (2,8 mil USD)
- Macedonian finacial intermediaries? (18.7 mil. USD)
- Other local sources? (6.8 mil USD)
 Power System HP Improvement Project (closed 2005)
- Increase the efficiency and capacity of 6HP,
- modern energy management system,
- begin distribution losses reduction
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects
World Bank Sustainable Energy Project:
Market Framework
Component 1:
capacity Building in
strategic/legislative/Institutional/Technical/Advisory
Component 2:
Support to Utillity-based Energy Service
Company (ESCO)
Component 3:
Sustainable Energy Financing Facility
SEFF co-financing basis with
Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion
Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ
Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects
EBRD Projects:
Distribution Grid Efficiency Investmen Project
(100 mil.EUR -EVN 50 mil.EUR and IFC 50 mil.EUR)
o Upgrade of grid lies and connections
o Upgrade of substations and transformers
o Roll out of metering
Energy Efficiency Improvements in
Mittal Steel Skopje
(25 mil.EURO)
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Potenziele für den Einsatz
o First-generation technologies: hydropower, biomass,
geotermal power - (Macedonia)
o Second-generation technologies: solar heating, wind
power, bioenergy,solar photovoltaics.
o Third-generation technologies: (under development):
advanced biomass gasification, biorafinery
technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot
dry rockgeothermal energy and ocean energy,
Advances in nanotechnology
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Potential
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Energy Balance 2008
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Policy
Legal Framework is the Energy Low
(Strategy for Renewable Energy Sources is foreseen for 2009)
 Goverment considers the constraction of small hydro
power plants SHP as great importance
Intern.public competition: 60 SHP DBOT 2007; 27 SHP SHP 2009
 The GEF/World Bank Sustainable Energy Project
is greatly focused on developing the market enviroment
for utilisation of renewable energy
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Potenziele für den Einsatz
Price Policy
Energy Low stipulates the establishment of preferential
tarrifs for electricity sold by preferential producers.
 Regulatory Commison for Energy (independent body)
determinate the privileged tariffs for sale and purchase of
electricity generated by renewable energy sources:
Hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass and wind
energy (but no budget allocation)
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Potential
Hydro
• 15 to 18% of the annual electricity production comes
from HPP 6 big and 22 small one = 540MW capacity
• Significant potential for SHPP<5MW
400 sites throughout country
meeting over 10% of current electricity needs
• National Power Utility identified 44 potential sites
total capacity 176 annual production 645 GWh
detailed studies are available
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Potential
Geothermal
• Geothermal energy accounts for 2.4% of the heat
production sector
• 7 main geothermal fields; 18 localities with thermal
water; 50 springs
temperatures vary from 24-27 to 70-78 oC
• 15 geothermal projects have been development 1970-80
still in operation but below designed capacity
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Potential
Solar
• Solar energy is being used at a simbolic level for
domestic water heating.
Solar collectors 11MW=17.000 m2 x 0.7
• No PV for electricity production
• Average solar radiation: high intensity and long duration
daily 3.4kwh/m2; annual 1385 kWh/m2
• Geographical positon and climate very good potential
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Potential
Biomass
•contributes 5.6% of the primary energy supply
• used exclusively in domestic sector !!!!
• 1.3 mil. m3 woodcuttingmass (firewood 80%)
• biogas, biofuel: high potential low implementation
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Potential
Wind
• Preliminary Atlas of the winds was developed
• 15 possible location (capacity 25-33MW) were identified
• Monitoring program of the wind potential 4 location
Sveti NIkole, Stip. Bogdanci. Kozuv
Norvegian Goverment, ELEM,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Renewable Energy Projects
 Small Hydro power Plants
 Austrian Development Cooperation in Macedonia
1.geothermal system GEOTERMA in Kocani cumulative
production of 20 mil m3 thermal water for grenhouses, district
heating
2. solar water heaters. Goverment support 500 hausholders
with 30% (150,000 EUR budget allocation)
 Makpetrol Biodissel Plant 8 mil EUR investment; EN
14214 standard; annual capacity 30000 tonnes biodisel.
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Conclusions
 Goverment to bridge the gap between energy efficiency policy
development and its implementation
 energy prices should be cost reflective and sustainable
 exploring opportunities for financing energy efficiency projects
through CDM
 capacity building in local Authorities for implementing renewable
and energy efficiency projects
 supporting information and awareness
 improving energy performance of buildings
 no electricity production from PV, wind, biomass.......
Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Conclusions
 Carl Cristian von Weizsäcker:
Klimapolitik kompatibel machen mit einer
marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung
 britische Ökonom Nicholas Stern:
Schäden eines Klimawandels einen ökonomischen
Gegenwert haben, der um eine Größenordnung
höher liegt als die
Kosten einer stabilisierung des Klimas