Transcript Standardslides - Aalborg Universitet

Policy instruments for mobilising
consumption for sustainability
Using eco-labelling and public procurement
Background, mechanisms, procedures, evaluations, impacts and barriers
Today’s program
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Summary of institutional set-up
Integrated Product Policy
Eco-labels
Public Procurement
Exercises here (in between)
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What has the EU achieved?
•European reconstruction
Despite this the Union
is perceived (by many) as being:
•Disconnected
•Bureaucratic
•60 years of peace and stability
•Wasteful
•Economic growth
•Corrupt
•Democratisation
•“A plot”
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Institutional (Dorte Kardel)
European Commission initiates policy
European Council is the supreme decision-making body
European Parliament shares legislative authority on certain issues
European Court of Justice interprets and applies EU law
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Formal decision making (Dorte Kardel)
Choices for the
Commission
Roles for the
European Parliament
•Regulations
•Directives
•Green Papers
•White Papers
•Decisions
•Co-decision
•Consultation
•Assent
•Co-operation
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And finally... The Voting in the Council of Ministers
Qualified Majority Voting in most environmental decisions
(Actually triple qualifyed majority: votes, countries, citizens)
Unanimity about energy policy (so far)
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But how does the European Union REALLY
work?
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Driven by personalities
Resulting from compromises
Powerful lobby groups
Institutional self-interest
Expert-driven
National Self-interest (reflected in voting results)
A product of external shocks (dismissal of commissions and treaties)
EU Presidency matters (Agendas like Clean, Clever and Competitive NL)
(Partly from Cameron 2006)
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Two Claims about European environmental
policy
1. Some of the most progressive environmental policies of any
“state” in the world
2. Leading to higher standards across the European Union and
outside
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Drivers for ambitious policy level
1. “Leader-States” pushing for high standards to protect their economic
competitiveness
2. Sharing of political and economic costs with other member states
3. “Brick by brick” construction of Europe
4. Role of the Parliament
5. Going above the national and straight to Europe
=built-in internal dynamics as well as responses to external international agreements
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Returning to the claims
1. Some of the most progressive environmental policies of any “state” in the
world
• Yes, but implementation and governance deficits seriously undermine
the impact of policy
2. Leading to higher standards across the Union
• Yes, higher standards do prevail but these standards are not properly
enforced and so they are rarely enough to keep pace with the
environmental threats
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The deficits are failures to:
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Transpose
Implement
Comply
Enforce
Communicate
Tackle behaviour
Build capacity
Deal with subsidiarity
Choose the right instrument (al though some powerful tools are out of reach)
Provide access to third parties
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Lack of control of ressources for implementation!
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Integrated Product Policy defined
“nothing but an empty box”,
“yet another layer of administration”
Referenced by Kögler in minutes from IPP meeting March 2005
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”Public policy which explicitly aims to modify and
improve the environmental performance of products”
(SPRU ’98)
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”IPP is not attempting to reduce consumption; rather it
is seeking to to reduce the environmental impact of
increased consumption”
Press release 2003
Alternative:
• IPP is oriented towards products and services and
their environmental features during the whole lifecycle; it aims at the improvement of their
environmental performance and promotes
innovations in products and services
(Rubik 2006)
Question to you: what is the difference?
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Environmental regulation in industrialized countries
Raw material
Material
Product
extraction
production manufacturing
Use
Disposal
Traditional
focus
Future
IPP focus?
Raw material
Material
Product
extraction
production manufacturing
Use
Disposal
Wenzel et al. 1997
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Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
Traditional
public policy
Expanded public policy
Additions from Integrated
Product Policy
· Industrial processes
· Command-and-control
· Physically delimited sites
· Decentralised authorities
· Stable requirements
· Emmisions
· National regulation
· Two negotiating parties
· Controlling sites
· Local impacts
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Products and services
Voluntary market-based regulation
Diffuse and unknown source location
Central authorities as catalysts for new complex ad-hoc institutions
Dynamic requirements and changing objectives
Resource consumption and impacts of flows
Internationally regulated frameworks
Open consensus-based regulation
Life cycle thinking
Global impacts
Riisgaard, 2006
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The IPP toolbox
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State aid
Voluntary agreements
Standardization
Environmental management systems
Eco-design
Labelling
• Eco-labels
• Energy labelling
Greening Public Procurement
Green Technology
• ETAP
• Performance targets
Legislation
• Waste legislation
• Chemicals
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Core elements of the EU flower
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It has a European dimension
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It is selective
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It is transparent!
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It works with a multicriteria approach
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It is voluntary
Type I
- main target audience: consumers (public and private) - and product designers
and manufacturers
”LCA-based”, positive, external control
Type II "claims"
Single attribute (ex: recycled paper content), positive, self controlled
Type III "declarations” - main audience: business communication
LCA-based, neutral, verification?
goods
Services
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Criteria - many variations
• General demands including "fitness for use"
(e.g. colour fastness of textiles)
• ”Hurdles” - threshold values:
• contents, emissions, consumption
• Negative - or positive lists
(blacklisting/whitelisting)
• Point systems
Household Appliances:
Energy-labels are also effective in Denmark
A- and B labelled fridges have
gained a market share of
96 per cent (2002) in only eight years
The diagram shows the ”A”
and ”B” labelled share of the total
sales.
A labeled
B labeled
Other labels
Sources: Danish Energy Agency and
Dansk Hvidevare nyt 1:2003 (FEHA)
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Eco-labels: testing your knowledge
Label
Eco-label?
Based on life-cycle
approach
Controlled by third
party?
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European Eco-labeling
- a Praised Link Between
Consumption and Production,
and so far a Policy Tool that have Failed
...but...
The 3 points to take with you
1. The praised link called EU flower was a failure
2. There are no valid evaluations of the current scheme
3. To be effective, connect the label to
-other aspects of the products (savings, health, social
issues)
-other policy tools
-other important institutional players
(But do not expect miracles!)
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The Background
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EC regulation 880/92
5th Environmental Action Program
“Towards Sustainable Development”
Voluntary
Based on life cycle perspective
Slow and delayed criteria development
After 3 years: only 1 labelled product on the market
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EU’s 5th Environmental Action Plan 1992-1999
“Towards Sustainable Development”
FIGURE 2b: The Potential of Consumer Power to Promote Ecologically-Sound Manufacturing
Processes and Products
Production
Process
Environmental
Audit
Product
Ecological
Label
Consumer Awareness
and Choice
Company Image
Market Share
Liability Rating
Inventory of emissions,
discharges
and wastes
Public Listing of
“clean” / “dirty”
Companies
Situation today
New regulation 1980/2000:
• services included
• new organisation: European Union Eco-labelling Board (EUEB)
• fee reductions (for SMEs, developing countries, EMAS, ice-breakers)
• transparency
• new work plan (on time)
Promotional campaign “flower weeks” Autumn 2004, 2006 and 2008
New revision end 2004
“Informal Draft non-paper …”
23 product groups
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Number of companies awarded the EU Eco-label
2005 (13/ 10/ 2005)
2004 (13/ 10/ 05)
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
(data provided by Eco help-Desk 2005)
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Ex-factory sales value (€ million) of EU Eco-labelled products/item
2005 (13/10/2005)
2004 (13/10/05)
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
0
100
200
300
400
500
9002005)
(data600
provided700by Eco 800
help-Desk
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(Eco-help desk final report 2005)
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Methodology
• Literature study
• Document analysis
• Interviews with 7 high level experts involved in the European Union Ecolabelling board
• Interviews with nearly all Danish eco-label license holders in the two
service categories ’camping’ (4) and ’tourist accommodation’(5)
• Interview with the main ”broker”
• (Traineeship at Eco-labelling Denmark)
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Evaluating the mechanism of eco-labelling
Criteria
revision
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Environmental
impacts
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Consumer
Knowledge
1
Ecolabelling
scheme
2
Product
Group
Selection
3
Criteria
development
4
Producer
application
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Label
Awarding
6
Availability
on the
market
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Promotion and marketing
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Consumer
Perception
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Consumer
Trust
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Consumption
pattern
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Product
and service
innovations
13 trade
impacts
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Indirect
impacts
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Evaluation of policy: 2 options
Comparing with original targets (looking back)
Looking at impacts (direct as well as indirect),
new challenges, opportunities and
improvement potentials (looking forward)
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Eco-label evaluations
Authors
OECD 1997
EPA 1998
Thøgersen 2000
Bjorner 2001
Gallaraga 2002
Williams 2004
Pedersen and Neergaard 2005
Rubik and Frankl (eds.) 2005
Leire and Thidell 2005
EEB 2004
AEAT 2004
Kvistgaard 2005
BEUC 2004
EVER 2005
Supply side focus Demand side focus Impacts Promotion
Data
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9 10 11 12 13 14
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collection 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
≤1996
XX XX
≤1998
XX XX
1999
1997-2001
X
≤1999
X
XX
≤2002
≤2002
XX
≤2004
X
≤2003
X XX
≤2004
X
≤2004
X
≤2004
X
≤2005
X
XX XX XX X
XX X X X
X
X
X
XX
X
XX
XX
XX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
X
X X X X
XX X X XX
XX
X XX XX XX
X
XX
XX X
X X XX X
XX
X X XX X
X X
X XX
X X X
XX
XX X
X
XX
XX
XX
X
X
XX
XX
XX XX XX XX
X
X indicates a coverage mainly based on secondary sources
XX indicates new additional empirical evidence
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Conclusions I
Most evaluations are critical regarding the EU flower
• But most evaluations are concerning the old scheme
• And no evaluations cover the whole eco-labelling scheme
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Conclusion II get connected
Connect to other aspects of the products
• savings
• health
• sustainability
Connect eco-label criteria with other policy tools:
• Public procurement
• EMAS
• Energy efficiency (energy labelling)
• Environmental Product Declarations
• Draft directive on Energy Using Products
Connect to other institutional players (product panels, certifying bodies, retailers)
And do not expect miracles! (maximum 0.1 per cent of promotional expenditures)
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Exploiting the domino effects of ecolabelling
Marketing
Brokers
Scheme
Ecolabelling
s c hem e
set-up
Product
group
selection
Criteria
developm ent
Producer
application
Label
awarding
Consumer
Availability knowledge
on the
market
Consumer
perception
Product an
d
service
’innovation
s Changes in
environConsump- mental
Consumer
impacts of
tion
trust
products &
pattern
services
Indirect
impacts
Internationa
l
trade
distortions
...
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”Governance” during EU eco-labelling: EUEB
COMPOSITION
4. The EUEB shall consist of the competent bodies referred to in Article 14 of
Regulation (EC)No 1980/2000, including the competent bodies of the
Member States of the European Economic Area, and the Consultation
Forum referred to in Article 15 of the said Regulation.
5. Amongst others, the following organisations, representing the interested
parties, shall be members of the EUEB:
— Coface (consumers, representing also BEUC, Eurocoop and AEC),
— EEB (environmental)
— ETUC (trade unions),
— UNICE (industry),
— UEAPME (SMEs, crafts),
— Eurocommerce (commerce)
In order to ensure a balanced participation of all relevant interested parties, the
EUEB may adapt this membership as appropriate…
COMMISSION DECISION of 10 November 2000 establishing the
European Union Eco-labelling Board and its rules of procedure Annex
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EU
flower
Procurement
guidelines
scheme set-up
Eco-label
scheme set-up
Governance and
private influence
on consumption
tools (eco-labelling
and public
procurement)
Product group
Selection
European
Union Ecolabelling Board
Consultants
Retailers
Product group
Selection
Steering group
draft proposal
+market
survey
Ad-hoc
Working
Group
Hearing
among specific
stakeholders
European
Commission
Inter-service
consultation
Steering group
approval
Producers
Regulatory
Committee
voting
Official Journal
Publication
Producer
application/
Label
awarding
Availability of
labelled
products
Product
specific
guidelines on
the internet
Marketing and
promotion of
eco-labelling
Promotion of
green public
procurement
and guidelines
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Connections between Environmental Management and
flower-labelled services in tourism
8 out 9 licensees have been involved in a previous project focussed on greening the
industry => good link between management and label focus.
They would not have reached for the label had it not been for the broker!
The criteria sets form targets for environmental management (also for those who
intend to leave the scheme)
Some criticism of the heavy control and irritating criteria
Licensees apply the criteria that they fulfill from the outset (context dependent)
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Recommendation: keep it flexible and management oriented
Green Key criteria
Nordic swan criteria
EU Flower
mandatory criteria
EU flower
optional criteria
Management system x
Label y
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Why green public procurement
• To lower the impact
• Stimulate (eco)-innovation
• ”Walk the talk”
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Green Public Procurement defined
"Green" public procurement stands for public purchase
that take into account environmental elements when
buying products, services or works.
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The ’Energy Star’ case
April 1993: the Clinton Announcement
Context: The US Federal Government was
World’s largest purchasing power in
computers (7 %)
Result: Philips: ”No serious manufacturer can afford
neclecting energy star demands”
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EU activities to promote GPP
 No directives!
 Political support and exchange of information => in framework of IPP, ETAP,
Advisory Committee on public procurement
 Awareness-raising and training
• Launch event of handbook October 2004
• Awareness raising for new Member States
September 2005
 Handbook on GPP in all EU languages!
 Environmental database
 Leaflet and guidelines on use of eco-label criteria in GPP
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Reported obstacles
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Legal uncertainty
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Lack of environmental knowledge
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Lack of political support
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Budgetary constraints
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Green Public Procurement and eco-labels
Underlying technical specifications can be used in tender documents
Eco-label can be recognised as a (non-exclusive) proof of compliance with
technical specifications
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/index_en.htm
Question to you: why not demand eco-labelled products?
Thank you
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Response rates by country
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Key Organisational aspects
Central purchasing organisations are consistently more
‘green’ than decentralized organisations
• Question to you: should procurement then be
centralised?
EMS (Environmental Management System)
• 33% of the Green-7 public bodies have one
• 13% from Other-18
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References and links
Frieder Rubik and Paolo Frankl (eds.) : The Future of Eco-labelling
Making Environmental Product Information Systems Effective, Greenleaf Publishing May 2005
REGULATION (EC) No 1980/2000 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 17 July 2000 on a revised Community eco-label award scheme
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/pdf/regulation/001980_en.pdf
Andrew Jordan (ed.), Environmental Policy in the European Union: Actors, Institutions and Processes, Earthscan 2002.
Notes and slides from Edward Cameron: “The Governance Dividend – Improving Environmental Policy in the European
Union” Åbo Akademi www.cameronsds.com
Check the IPP Q/A list of the European commission:
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/03/136&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
Links:
EU homepage on Greening of public procurement:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/gpp/index.htm
EU homepage of eco-labelling catalogue:
http://www.eco-label.com/
http://www.ecolabel.dk/
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