MANAGING INFORMATION RESOURCES

Andreas Rio, M.Eng.

[email protected]

Managing Information Resources

It explores the management of:  Data  Information  Knowledge

DATA

Managing Data

 Data is primarily facts about entities , such as individual employees , customers , parts , or transactions .  Well-structured data records hold a set of attributes that describe each entity.  Database management systems (DBMSs) are the main tools for managing these entities.

Managing Data

The Three Level Database Model

The Three Level Database Model

   Level 1 contains the various “user views" of the corporate data. Level 2 encompasses all an organization’s relevant data under the control of the data administrators . Level 3 specifies the way the data is physically stored . The advantage of the model:  Individual application programs in Level 1 do not need to be changed when the physical layer (Level 3) changes.

Database Environment

CASE Tools Repository User Interface DBMS Application Programs Database

Database Environment

  Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Tools  Peranti otomasi untuk perancangan database dan program aplikasi

Repository

 Tempat penyimpanan terpusat yang berisi definisi data , hubungan data , format layar dan laporan , serta komponen-komponen sistem lain  Berisi metadata database dan komponen-komponen lain sistem informasi yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan

Contoh Metadata

Nama NIP Nama Gaji Tipe Alphanumeric Alphanumeric Long Panjang 5 5 Keterangan Nomor pegawai Nama pegawai Gaji pegawai

Database Environment

 Database Management System (DBMS)  Software yang ditujukan untuk mendefinisikan , menciptakan , memelihara , dan menyediakan akses terkontrol terhadap database dan repository  Contoh DBMS: Microsoft Access, Visual FoxPro, Informix, Oracle, dll

Contoh DBMS Access

Database Environment



Database

 Kumpulan data yang saling terkait  Perbedaan dengan repository:  Repository berisi definisi data  Database berisi data  Sebuah database berisi kumpulan dari tabel

Contoh Database

Four Data Model

1. Hierarchical Model 2. Network Model 3. Relational Model 4. Object Model

Hierarchical Model

 Each data element is subordinate to another in a strict hierarchical manner.

 It is like the boxes on an organization chart .

Hierarchical Model

Pengantar Basis Data Dosen Siti Nurbaya Pemrograman C Dosen Ashadi Matematika I Rudi Asti Dina Dina Edi Ita Edi

Network Model

 In the network model, each data item can have more than one parent ; assembly parts lists illustrate this structure.

Network Model

Pengantar Basis Data Dosen Siti Nurbaya Pemrograman C Dosen Ashadi Matematika I Rudi Asti Dina Edi Ita

Relational Model

 In the relational model, it is up to the DBMS to find the related items , based on the values of specified data fields.  All employees of a certain department are found by searching for the department number in each employee record.  Relational systems allow people to create relationships among data on the fly.

Relational Model

   Merupakan model data yang paling populer saat ini Menggunakan model berupa tabel berdimensi dua (yang disebut relasi atau tabel) Memakai tabel lain kunci tamu (foreign key) sebagai penghubung dengan

Nama Dosen Kelas

Siti Nurbaya Siti Nurbaya Siti Nurbaya Siti Nurbaya Siti Nurbaya Ashadi

Mahasiswa

Pengantar Basis Data Pengantar Basis Data Pengantar Basis Data Pemrograman C Pemrograman C Matematika I Rudi Asti Dina Dina Edi Ita Ashadi Matematika I Edi

Relational Model

NO_MHS 55 56 57 NAMA_MHS Ashadi Rina Budi NO_MHS 55 55 56 57 57 KODE_MK DB001 DB001 PI001 NAMA_MK Pengantar Basis Data Basis Data Lanjut Teknik Multimedia KODE_MK DB001 PI001 DB001 DB001 DB001 NILAI A B B A A

Relational Model Relasi atau tabel Kardinalitas NO_MHS 55 55 56 57 57 KODE_MK DB001 PI001 DB001 DB001 DB001 NILAI A B B A A Atribut atau kolom Sebuah baris atau tuple Domain NILAI (A, B, C, D, E)

Relational Model  Beberapa sifat yang melekat dalam relasi:  Tidak ada baris yang kembar  Urutan tupel tidak penting  Setiap atribut memiliki nama yang unik  Letak atribut bebas  Setiap atribut memiliki nilai tunggal dan jenisnya sama untuk semua baris

Object Model

 The object model can be used to store any type of data , whether a traditional name or address, an entire spreadsheet, a video clip, a voice annotation, a photograph, or a segment of music.

 The tenets of objects have become increasingly important in the world of computing.  They become even more important in the world of Web Services because the XML modules utilize object principles.

Object Model

   Centers around objects and classes Involves inheritance Encapsulates both data and behavior

Object Model

Object Oriented

Class Object Association Inheritance of attributes

Inheritance of behavior

EER

Entity type Entity instance Relationship Inheritance of attributes

No representation of behavior

Object-oriented modeling is frequently accomplished using the

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Object Model

UML class and object diagrams Class diagram showing two classes Class diagram shows the static structure of an object-oriented model: object classes, internal structure, relationships.

CASE STUDY

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Mosanto Company

Enterprise Resource Planning

1. Clean up Data Definitions 2. Control Shared Data 3. Manage Data Distribution 4. Maintain Data Quality

Enterprise Resource Planning

Case Study: Monsanto Company

Enterprise Resource Planning

Monsanto established 3 large enterprise wide IT projects: 1.

To redevelop operational systems using SAP and financial transaction 2.

3.

To develop a knowledge-management architecture , including data warehousing To link transaction and decision support systems via common master data, known as enterprise reference data (ERD)

Enterprise Resource Planning

    They created a distributed SAP architecture , with separate instances of SAP for reference data , finance , and operations each business unit. in The master reference data integrates these distributed components . To convert SAP data to knowledge, Monsanto used data warehouses . The sole source of master data is the ERD, but the data can be distributed wherever it is needed. To get corporate data in shape, Monsanto created a department called ERD Stewardship to set data standards and enforce quality.

INFORMATION

Four Types of Information

• Data warehouses address internal and external record-based data. • Document management based data. and content management address internal and external document-

Data Warehouse

 Data warehouses house data used to make decisions .  The data is generally obtained transaction databases, thus presenting a snapshot at a point in time.

periodically from  The most common data warehoused is customer data , used to discover how to more effectively market to current customers as well as non-customers with the same characteristics.

Document Management

1.

2.

3.

To improve the publishing process To support communications groups among people and To support organizational processes

Document Management

 Even in today’s Internet-rich world, paper still plays a major role in most enterprises .  There is also a need to move seamlessly between digital and printed versions of documents; hence, the importance of document management .  The field of electronic document management (EDM) uses new technologies to manage information resources that do not fit easily into traditional databases.

Document Management

1. To improve the publishing process

Case Study: HICSS Personal Proceeding

 A month before the conference, participants can use a Web site to choose 20 papers they would like to have in their personal paper proceedings.

 The papers are printed on a Xerox Docutech machine with their name on the cover, and delivered to them at the conference.  Additional papers can be printed individually at the conference, on demand.

Document Management

2. To support communications groups among people and

Case Study: Tapiola Insurance Group

 This Finnish insurance group formerly offered 150 kinds of insurance policies and had 300 different insurance Finnish—because both are official languages in Finland. policy forms—half in Swedish and half in  The policy forms were preprinted by an outside print shop. To personalize the forms and cut costs, Tapiola brought the process in-house and defined just four forms, which are printed on demand .

Document Management

3. To support organizational process

Case Study: Tennessee Valley Authority

    The nuclear division of this large U.S. power supplier revamped its maintenance management system. TVA spends more than $48 million a year creating maintenance work orders and then planning and performing the work. One plant alone processes 14,000 work orders a year. The new process electronically combined maintenance orders in one system with procedural document management in another system

Case Study: Tennessee Valley Authority

 Work orders are generated electronically and then routed for approval , with the most current drawings and procedures electronically attached.  The documents are indexed by , so maintenance people can review past activity and better plan for the future.

KNOWLEDGE

Content Management

3 Phases Content Management

1. Content Creation and Acquisition 2. Content Administration and Safeguarding 3. Content Deployment and Presentation

Content Creation and Acquisition

 Content creation and acquisition need to focus on

creating content quality .

 The best organizational structure is to distribute content creation and maintenance to content-expert employees .  But to avoid anarchy, these dispersed experts should be directed centrally , and use centrally created formats and an automated workflow system that moves their work along.

Content Administration & Safeguarding

 The emphasis in this phase, like any operational phase, is

efficiency .

 Content management tools can be used to identify types of content and the business rules that apply to each type.  While content creation should be distributed, content administration should be centralized .

Content Deployment & Presentation

 The emphasis in this phase should be

effectiveness : presenting the content so that it attracts visitors , allows them to navigate the site easily , and leads them to the desired actions .

 Because this phase can determine the success of a firm’s e-commerce efforts, it’s best to design a Web site beginning with this phase, then move on to ensuring content quality and processing efficiency.

Case Study: Eastman Chemical

   This global manufacturer of chemicals had a Web site in 1994. It redesigned the site in 1999 to become more customer-focused and to launch a major e commerce program. Eastman changed the Web site structure from presenting an serves). inside-out view (based on its corporate structure) to presenting an outside-in view (with sections devoted to the markets the company

Case Study: Eastman Chemical

 Customers report that the online availability of technical data has significantly accelerated their internal decision-making processes .  It’s now working on globalizing and personalizing the site even more.

Case Study: Eastman Chemical

   This global manufacturer of chemicals had a Web site in 1994. It redesigned the site in 1999 to become more customer-focused and to launch a major e commerce program. Eastman changed the Web site structure from presenting an serves). inside-out view (based on its corporate structure) to presenting an outside-in view (with sections devoted to the markets the company

Presentasi

 http://www.consulting.xerox.com/case studies/enus.html

 http://www.sap.com/solutions/business suite/scm/customers/casestudies.epx

 Background perusahaan, Situasi yang terjadi sebelum implementasi, Solusi yang diterapkan, Hasil yang didapat