Transcript Chapter 12, Race And Ethnic Relations

Chapter 11
Race and Ethnicity
Chapter Outline




Race and Ethnicity
Racial Stereotypes
Prejudice, Discrimination, and
Racism
Theories of Prejudice and
Racism
Chapter Outline



Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic
Relations
Attaining Racial Equality: The
Challenge
Race and Ethnicity


Race is primarily a socially
constructed category based on
physical criteria.
An ethnic group is a social category
of people who share a common
culture.
The New Immigration
Description of U.S.
Census Classifications
Date
1890
1900
1910
African
White
American
Native
Asian
American American
White Black
Indian
Mulatto
Quadroon
Octoroon
White Black
Indian
White Black
Mulatto
Indian
Other
Chinese
Japanese
Chinese
Japanese
Chinese Other
Japanese
Description of U.S.
Census Classifications
Date
White
African
Native
Asian
American American American
Other
1920 White
Black
Mulatto
Indian
Chinese
Other
Japanese
1930 White
Negro
Indian
Chinese
Mexican
Japanese Other
Filipino
Hindu
Korean
Description of U.S.
Census Classifications
African
Native
Asian
Date White
American American American
Other
1940 White Negro
Indian
Chinese
Other
Japanese
Filipino
Hindu
Korean
1950 White Negro
Indian
Chinese
Hawaiian
Japanese Other
Filipino
Description of U.S.
Census Classifications
African
Native
Asian
Date White
American American American
Other
1960 White Negro
American Chinese
Hawaiian
Indian
Japanese Other
Aleut
Filipino
Eskimo
1970 White Negro or
Black
Indian
(American)
Chinese
Hawaiian
Japanese Other
Filipino
Korean
Description of U.S.
Census Classifications
Date White
1980 White
2000 White
African
American
Black or
Negro
Black or
African
American
Native
American
Asian
American
Other
Indian
(American)
Eskimo
Aleut
Chinese
Japanese
Filipino
Korean
Asian Indian
Vietnamese
Hawaiian
Guamanian
Samoan
Asian or
Pacific
Islander
Other
American
Indian
Alaskan
Native
Chinese
Japanese
Filipino
Korean
Asian Indian
Vietnamese
Native
Hawaiian
Other
Pacific
Islander
Other
Ethnic Minority:
Characteristics
1.
2.
Possesses characteristics regarded as
different from the dominant group (race,
ethnicity, sexual preference, age,
religion.)
Suffers prejudice and discrimination by
the dominant group.
Ethnic Minority:
Characteristics
3.
4.
Membership is ascribed rather than
achieved.
Members feel a sense of group
solidarity.
Stereotypes



Reinforce prejudices and cause them to
persist in society.
Racial and gender stereotypes receive
ongoing support in the media.
Justify the oppression of groups based on
race, ethnicity and gender.
Prejudice, Discrimination and
Racism



Prejudice is an attitude involving
prejudgment on the basis of race or
ethnicity.
Discrimination is actual behavior
involving unequal treatment.
Racism involves both attitude and
behavior.
The Income Gap
Prejudice and Socialization


Media stereotypes began to improve as a
result of civil rights activity in the 1960s.
Positive interactions between Blacks and
Whites have been 5% or less of total
interactions on television programs.
Poverty Among Racial
Groups
Scapegoat Theory



Members of the dominant group harbor
frustrations in their desire to achieve
success.
They vent their anger in the form of
aggression.
The aggression is directed toward
members of minority groups who serve as
scapegoats.
Authoritarian Personality
Characteristics:
 Tendency to categorize other people
 Rigidly conform
 Intolerance of ambiguity
 Inclined to superstition
Theories of Race and Ethnicity
The Racial Order
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic
Interaction
Social stability when racial and
ethnic groups are assimilated into
society
Is intricately intertwined with class
stratification
Based on social construction that
assigns people to racial and ethnic
categories
Theories of Race and Ethnicity
Minority Groups
Functionalism
Assimilated into dominant culture as
they adopt cultural practices
Conflict Theory
Life chances result from
opportunities formed by intersection
of class, race, and gender
Symbolic
Interaction
Form identity as the result of
sociohistorical change
Contact Theory

1.
2.
3.
Interactions will reduce prejudice if 3
conditions are met:
Contact is between individuals of equal
status.
Contact is sustained.
Participants agree upon social norms
favoring equality.
Native Americans


Population in north America in 1492 was
from 1 to 10 million.
Conquest, disease, and expulsion from
their lands resulted in a population of
300,000 by 1850.
Native Americans


55% of Native Americans live on
or near a reservation.
Highest poverty rate of all
minorities and 50%
unemployment among males.
African Americans



Between 20 and 100 million Africans were
transported to the Americas.
The majority went to Brazil and the
Caribbean, 6% went to the U.S.
Slavery evolved as a rigid caste system,
also involving the domination of men over
women.
African Americans


After the civil war, sharecropping
emerged as a new exploitative system.
The migration of Blacks to the urban north
from the 1900s through the 1920s
encouraged the development of political,
social, and cultural action.
Latinos



Includes Mexican Americans, Puerto
Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin
American immigrants.
Includes Latin Americans who were early
settlers in the U.S.
The terms Hispanic and Latino/a mask
the great diversity among the groups.
Latinos
Entries into U.S. Society:
 Mexican Americans through military
conquest (1846-1848).
 Puerto Ricans through war with
Spain (1898).
 Cubans as political refugees (1959).
Chinese



1865-1868, thousands of Chinese
laborers worked for the Central Pacific
railroad.
In 1882, the Chinese exclusion act
banned immigration of laborers and
intermarriage.
Hostility and exclusion resulted in the
creation of Chinatowns.
Japanese


Immigration of the first generation (Issei)
took place between 1890 and 1924.
 In 1924, passage of the Japanese
immigration act forbade further
immigration.
The second generation (Nisei) became
better educated and assimilated.
Japanese



Members of the third generation (Sansei)
met with prejudice and discrimination.
During WWII, Japanese Americans were
forced into relocation camps.
In 1987, legislation was passed awarding
$20,000 to each relocated person and
offering an apology.
Middle Easterners


Immigrants from Middle Eastern countries
such as Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iran
began arriving in the mid-1970s.
Like other immigrants, many experienced
downward mobility and formed their own
ethnic enclaves.
White Ethnic Groups



Immigration dates to the WASP
immigrants from England, Scotland, and
Wales.
40% of the world’s Jewish population lives
in the U.S.
In 1924, the National Origins Quota Act,
the most discriminatory act in U.S.
immigration history, was passed.
Domestic Colonialism Model
Four elements:
 Forced and involuntary entry.
 Control of the group’s affairs by the
colonizers.
 Racism justifies the colonizer’s
domination.
 The minority is prevented from expressing
its culture and values.
Ethnic Conflict Around the
World
Civil Rights Movement




Encouraged resistance to
segregation through nonviolent
techniques.
1964- Civil rights bill
1965- Voting rights act
1968 - Fair housing act
Quick Quiz
1. A social category of people who share a
common culture is referred to by
sociologists as:
a. a minority group
b. a cultural group
c. a racial group
d. an ethnic group
Answer: d

A social category of people who share a
common culture is referred to by
sociologists as an ethnic group.
2. Which of the following statements is true
regarding minority groups?
a. Members of a minority group have a
strong sense of group solidarity
b. Membership in a minority group is
usually achieved.
c. Members of a minority group are
usually female.
d. Members of a minority group usually
know each other.
Answer: a

The statement, members of a minority
group have a strong sense of group
solidarity is true regarding minority
groups.
3. An oversimplified set of beliefs about
members of a social group that is used to
categorize members of that group is
referred to as:
a. salience principle
b. discrimination
c. prejudice
d. stereotype
Answer: d

An oversimplified set of beliefs about
members of a social group that is used to
categorize members of that group is
referred to as stereotype.
4. The gendered racism theory is most
closely associated with the:
a. symbolic interactionist perspective
b. evolutionary perspective
c. functionalist perspective
d. conflict perspective
Answer: d

The gendered racism theory is most
closely associated with the conflict
perspective.
5. De facto segregation is common in
housing and education.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True

De facto segregation is common in
housing and education.