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IMEN 315 인간공학
4. Visual Sensory Systems
THE STIMULUS: LIGHT
the visual stimuli as a wave of electromagnetic energy (fig 4.1a)
visible range of wavelength from 400nm (blue-violet) to 700 nm (red)
a given light stimulus characterized by hue, saturation, brightness
the source of light by luminous intensity/flux (candela)
illumination – the lighting quality of a given working environment (fig 4.2)
illuminance (照度), luminance (輝度)
Reflectance (%) = luminance (FL) / illuminance (FC)
THE RECEPTOR SYSTEM
schematic view of the eyeball (fig 4.3)
The Lens
corona pupil lens (accommodation) retina
myopia (근시), presbyopia (노안)
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The Visual Receptor System
the image may be characterized by its intensity (luminance), wavelengths,
and size (visual angle)
VA = 5.7 * 60* (H/D)
two types of receptor cells (rods and cones)
1. location – cones for fovea (2°of VA) and rods for periphery
2. acuity – motion in the periphery
3. sensitivity – advantage of rods in sensitivity
4. color sensitivity – rods are color blind
5. adaptation – temporary blindness, glare
6. differential wavelength sensitivity – cones are generally sensitive to all
wavelengths while rods are insensitive long lengths
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BOTTOM-UP VS. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
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DEPTH PERCEPTION
depth cues (fig 4.7)
accommodation, binocular convergence, binocular disparity – inherent in
the physiological structure (bottom-up processing) only effective for
judging distance, slant, and speed for objects within a few meters
linear perspective, relative size, interposition, light and shading, textual
gradients (density) – based on experience (top-down processing) Where’s Wally?
motion parallax
VISUAL SEARCH AND DETECTION
Eye Movements
pursuit movement – constant velocity to follow targets
saccadic movements – abrupt and discrete movements: initiation latency,
movement time, destination [dwell: duration (information content, ease of
information extraction) and UFOV (foveal region, 2 degrees of VA)]
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Visual Search
The serial Search Model
T= NT/2
typical search pattern – top to bottom, left to right
random (non-exhaustive) search
Conspicuity
bottom-up influence
parallel processing
Expectancies
top down processing – based on prior knowledge (experience)
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IMEN 315 인간공학
Detection
Signal Detection Theory
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IMEN 315 인간공학
Sensitivity and Response Bias
sensitivity (d’) – how good an operator is at discriminating the signal from
the noise
response bias (response criterion, beta) – expectancy, payoff
ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve
higher sensitivity
conservative
Interventions
A C: instructions, incentives
A B: training, visual template
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IMEN 315 인간공학
brightness
hue
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IMEN 315 인간공학
산업경영공학과
IMEN 315 인간공학
산업경영공학과
IMEN 315 인간공학
산업경영공학과