Transcript Real World Project

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY
METAL AND ANION
CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER
SAMPLES
GABBY PILLA & CAITLIN VERHALEN
BACKGROUND
• Determination of contaminants in environmental,
biological and food samples requires significant
attention
• Some elements or their compounds have toxic or nutritional
effects
• Regular monitoring of contaminant concentrations
is required
• ICP and IC can be used for determination of various
contaminants in water samples.
BACKGROUND
• Lead and copper enter water systems primarily
through plumbing materials
• Can lead to symptoms ranging from stomach distress to
brain damage
• An accumulation of cadmium in the body can
affect several organ systems; nervous,
gastrointestinal, reproductive and skeletal and
biochemical activities.
• Health risks associated with arsenic include severe
poisoning and carcinogenic, most importantly
cancer of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract.
• Fluoride can cause fluorosis or bone disease (Raja
et al. 2013).
United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National
Primary Drinking Water Regulations:
Contaminant
¹MCL
Health Effects
Aluminum
0.05-0.2 mg/L
No evidence suggests it is harmful; has been reported to cause
dementia
Arsenic
0.010 mg/L
Skin damage, problems with circulatory system, increase risk of
getting cancer
Cadmium
0.005 mg/L
Kidney damage
Lead
0
Kidney problems, high blood pressure, physical or mental
developmental delays in children
Antimony
0.006 mg/L
Increase in blood cholesterol, decrease in blood sugar
¹Maximum contaminant level
Anion
¹MCL
Health Effects
Fluoride
2.0 mg/L
Bone disease
Chloride
250 mg/L
Toxicity has not been observed but reported to produce hypertension
Nitrite
1 mg/L
Causes blue baby syndrome and shortness of breath in infants <6 months
Bromide
No limits
No adverse health effects
Nitrate
10 mg/L
Causes blue baby syndrome and shortness of breath in infants <6 months
Phosphate
5 mg/L
No adverse health effects
Sulfate
250 mg/L
Occurs naturally, when very high it can cause diarrhea
¹Maximum contaminant level
OBJECTIVE
• Our purpose was to investigate whether purified or
filtered water contains less toxic materials than tap
water.
• Hypothesis:
• Store brand filters or water bottles will contain higher
concentrations of contaminants compared to name brand
filters or water bottles
SAMPLES & ANALYTES
Sample
ICP
IC
Analyte
Analyte
Brita Filter
Aluminum
Fluoride
Store Filter
Arsenic
Chloride
Leading Bottle
Cadmium
Nitrite
Store Bottle
Lead
Bromide
Tap Water
Antimony
Nitrate
Phosphate
Sulfate
METHOD- ICP
• 3 standards for the metals were prepared with
dilution method:
• 10 ppm = 1 ml of 1000 ppm stock solution
100 ml DI water
• 10, 30, 50 ppm
• Standards and 5 water samples were analyzed
• For each contaminant two wavelengths were
chosen to be analyzed
• Calibration curves were created for each
contaminant for the two wavelengths separately
and then averaged
METHOD- IC
• 7 anion standard ran after instrument equilibration
• Regenerant was prepared and refilled, allowing for
production of a better spectrum
• 5 samples ran and compared to the 7 anion
standard spectrum
DATA- ICP
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Antimony
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
Brita Filter
1.967
0.676
-0.807
2.961
12.937
Store Filter
2.466
0.497
-0.811
2.943
5.911
Leading Bottle
1.966
0.482
-0.815
2.958
4.647
Store Bottle
1.966
0.471
-0.823
2.931
4.257
Tap Water
2.000
0.462
-0.823
2.969
4.118
Water Sample
DATA- IC
Fluoride
Chloride
Nitrite
Bromide
Nitrate
Phosphat
Sulfate
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
e (ppm)
(ppm)
Standard
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Brita
N/A
0.861
0.206
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.119
Store Brita
0.040
0.714
0.038
0.029
0.145
0.037
0.159
Leading bottle
N/A
0.155
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.003
Store Bottle
N/A
0.027
0.003
N/A
N/A
0.002
0.006
Tap Water
0.120
0.864
0.070
0.088
0.234
N/A
0.199
Sample
DISCUSSION- ICP
• Aluminum, Arsenic, Lead, and Antimony levels are
all high for each water sample
• Store brand filter contained the highest aluminum levels
• Brita filtered water contained the highest arsenic levels
• Tap contained the highest lead levels although they were
all very close in concentration
• Brita filtered water contained the highest antimony levels
• Cadmium levels were safe for each water sample
DISCUSSION- ICP
• Possible risks for those in who encounter these
contaminants:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Skin damage
Circulatory system problems
Increase risk of getting cancer
Kidney problems
High blood pressure
High blood cholesterol
Low blood sugar
DISCUSSION- IC
• No levels exceeded the acceptable maximum
contaminant level. Therefore, no one is at risk for
adverse health effects.
• The store bought filter contained all of the anions
though they were at acceptable levels.
• The leading water bottle contained the least
amount of anions.
• The water bottle samples contained the lowest
concentration of anions compared to the Brita,
store filter, and tap water.
CONCLUSION
• Hypothesis was rejected based on ICP data:
• Name brand filters and water bottles contained higher
levels of contaminants versus store brand filters and water
bottles
• Cheaper is better!
REFERENCES
• United State Environmental Protection Agency. National
Recommended Water Quality Criteria.
http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swquidance/standards/current/index.
cfm (accessed May 10, 2013).
• Gholivand, M., Pourhossein, A., & Shahlaei, M. Simultaneous
determination of copper and cadmium in environmental water and
tea samples by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. 2011 Turkish Journal
Of Chemistry, 35(6), 839-846
• Raja, I. A., Khan, M. Y., Khan, N. A., Wani, M. R., & Bhat, A. A.
Assessment Of Some Metals In The Drinking Water Of Dal Lake
Kashmir. 2013. Nature & Science, 11(3), 63-64.