Unit 3 World Geography

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Transcript Unit 3 World Geography

Unit 3 World Geography

Lesson 1: Demographics

**Turn to Pages 593 & 599 AND 637 & 643

Physical Features

Himalayas 2.

Deccan Plateau 3.

Gulf of Khambat 4.

Plateau of Tibet 5.

North China Plain 6.

Gobi Dessert 1.

Population (small, med, large)

Why do you think a specific physical feature affects the population size?

What are push or pull factors for populations?



Pull factors promoting larger populations: Natural resources available, climate is favorable for farming, waterways for trade, strong economy, etc.;



Push factors influencing smaller populations: drought, lack of resources, poor soil, lack of infrastructure to adapt to terrain, etc.)

 Do you think that this happens in every region or country in the world? Why or why not?

 This is what we will be exploring in this lesson. 

Human Geography is the study of people, their cultures, demographics, and the ways in which people interact with each other and their environment on Earth.



This lesson examines measures of development.

World Population Growth

     

What conclusions can be drawn from this data?

Mubai (Bombay), India

NYC

Dubai (in the future)

Beijing, China



What factors have led to a large population in those cities?



Geographers use different tools to examine and explain population growth rates. Two such tools are Population Pyramids and the Demographic Transition Chart.

Population Pyramid

 A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a is growing.

pyramid when the population

Demographic Transition Chart



One group tends to live longer than the other.



Women tend to live longer than men.



Why do you think that happens?

    

Academic Vocabulary

Population density



the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile) growth rate



the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population death rate



the number of deaths per unit, usually 1000, of population in a given place and time.

natural increase



-in population studies, when the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

doubling time



-number of years taken for a population to double in size (number).

   

literacy rate



Total is the percentage of the population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life GNP



Gross National Product- An estimated value of the total worth of production and services, by citizens of a country, on its land or on foreign land, calculated over the course on one year GDP



Gross Domestic Product- An estimated value of the total worth of a country’s production and services, on its land, by its nationals and foreigners, calculated over the course on one year Per-Capita



per individual/person standard of living



refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area

 

human development index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_UN_Human_Developmen t_Report_Quartiles.svg

 

purchase power of parity is an economic theory and a technique used to determine the relative value of currencies. It asks how much money would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two countries, and uses that to calculate an implicit foreign exchange rate. Using that PPP rate, an amount of money thus has the same purchasing power in different countries.



 In countries with high population growth, there tends to be lower literacy rates, higher rates of poverty, lower life expectancy, and higher death rates.

 Some things have a direct and inverse relationship:  Direct: As one increases, the other does as well. For example, as per capita GDP goes up, so does life expectancy. That is a direct relationship  Inverse: As one increases, the other decreases.



What are some connections between demographic information and social, political and economic factors that affect the demographics of a country or region?



What about the treatment of minorities and women?

Most Populous Cities in the World

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Population density



the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile)

 Population divided by square miles

 

Where are the most populous regions or countries in the

world? (East Asia, South Asia) What factors have contributed to these large population areas? (Fertile land,

etc.)

What factors would contribute to people migrating to

another region or to a city? (Natural disasters, disease,

famine, political instability, industrialization, etc.)



Lesson 2: Place



Jerusalem



Identify social, political, cultural, and economic characteristics that make this city unique.

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Do all regions or places have unique social, political, and economic characteristics?

 Do they change over time? 

What are some of the possible reasons for a region’s social, political, and/or economic characteristics change over time ?



(natural disasters, wars, failing economy, etc…)

Place Diagram

         Paris, France Lima, Peru Lagos, Nigeria Cairo, Egypt Istanbul, Turkey Moscow, Russia São Paulo, Brazil Shanghai, China Mumbai (Bombay), India



Here’s a definition we need:



SPATIAL-

 spa·tial also spa·cial (spshl)adj.Of,

relating to, involving, or having the nature of space.

Defining a Region: Connections, Relationships, & Location

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

 Represent great clusters of humankind or physical characteristics  Change over time  Do not have definite borders  May differ based on point of view  Vary in size  Separated from other regions by transition zones.

TRANSITION ZONES

 Location: Edge of a region  An area of

spatial change

two adjacent regions join where peripheries (edges) of  Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring regions  Area of mixed characteristics; possible tension (cultural groups) ©2012, TESCCC

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

What defines a region?

Regions are based on Spatial Criteria



Location, location, location



Common Characteristics

Sub-classification of Regions

       

Dominated by one political power:

North America: U.S.

Middle America: Mexico South America: Brazil Russian Realm: Russia East Asia: China South Asia: India Southeast Asia: Indonesia Australian Realm: Australia

No dominant State

SUB-REGIONS

 Classification of Regions based upon physical features and human characteristics or both.

 All regions can be divided into sub-regions  Ex: United States’ Location: North American Region.  U.S. Sub-regions may include:  Northeast, Midwest, South, North … or…  Metropolitan and suburban areas …or…  Physical regions (Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes)  Texas example: Hill Country, Piney Woods, West Texas, The Valley, The Coast, East Texas, The Panhandle… •

Region & Sub-region boundaries are based on criteria we establish.

FORMAL REGION

 Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena.

Examples: Corn Belt Sun Belt Rust Belt Latin America Southwest Asia

FUNCTIONAL REGION



A region marked by its dynamic internal structure

•A spatial system focused on a central core •A region formed by a set of places and their functional integration (Ex. River systems, Highways, Railroads systems, Communication systems, etc.) • •

Example: Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Mississippi River Watershed

Perceptual Region

 A region that is marked by unique human ideas or perceptions.

 Examples:  “The Orient” or the “Tropics”  The “South” v. the “North”  The “Middle East” v. “Southwest Asia”  “Central Texas” “Hill Country”  A region of the city or town: “Mid-Town” “Downtown” ©2012, TESCCC

Unit 3 Lesson 3 Culture

As we look through these pictures, add them to your chart.

Cultures

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Are there Similar Cultures in different parts of the world?

Why is that?

(Historical events such as colonization, common borders, etc.)

 

How do cultures diffuse, past and present?

For example, in the past, cultures diffused through trade routes, but today cultures diffuse through the social media and other forms of technological advance 

Introduction to Cultural Geography

Physical v. Cultural Geography

Physical Geography

Rocks/Minerals

Cultural Geography

Population/Settlements/Urbanization Landforms Economic and Political Systems Animal and Plant Life Soils Atmosphere/Climate/Weather Environment Rivers/Oceans/Other bodies of Water Transportation Human Migration Social Systems Recreation Religion/Belief System Cultural Geography is the study of the Earth’s

human landscape

CULTURE

•

Definition

: Shared patterns of learned behavior that are passed on from generation to generation.

•

Components

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

• A field that studies spatial aspects of human cultures.

•

Major components

focus on: 

Cultural Landscapes



Culture Hearths

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Cultural Diffusion



Culture Regions

Cultural Landscape

•

The composite of human imprints on the earth’s surface.

•

Carl Sauer’s definition: “

the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by the activities of man” “

from

Recent Developments in Cultural Geography, 1927

Culture Hearth

• The

source areas

from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that change the world beyond.

Cultural Diffusion

• The spreading of a culture element (ex: technological innovation) • Can you think of any examples of cultural diffusion, past or present?

Culture Region

• Distinct, culturally discrete spatial unit; a region where certain cultural norms prevail.

Ethnicity

What is ethnicity?

Common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background An Example of Ethnic and Religious Conflict: The Balkans: Ethnic war between the Croatian Catholics, the Bosnian Muslims, and the Serbian Orthodox.

Conclusion

• Think about your own culture: your belief system, institutions that you are part of, technology you use everyday.

• Cultures change over time, but the historical aspects are very important for understanding today’s cultures. Culture must be examined from different perspectives. • Know the terms cultural landscape, cultural hearth, cultural diffusion, and culture region- these terms describe the ways in which cultural geographers view the world.

Review Components of Culture

Political, Economic & Social Factors affect Cultures

• Political: a system of government (dictatorship, communist, etc. may forbid religious practices, prohibit language spoken by indigenous people, forbid type of clothing, impose a specific religion, etc.) • Economic: (the diffusion of economic practices might go against a people’s value system, or customs and traditions.

Human Geography: Economy, Government, & Globalization

What is economics?

 A social science concerned with

description

and

analysis

of the production, distribution and consumption of

goods

and

services



Goods

: things you use or consume (food, books, cars, cell phones, etc.) these are things you can touch 

Services

: something someone does for you; a service provided for you (haircut, someone fixes your car, someone tutors you, etc.) these are things you cannot touch Production Distribution Consumption Goods and Services ©2012, TESCCC

Subsistence Agriculture (Farmers grow enough for their family Economic Systems Controlled Economy Free Market Free Enterprise Communism Socialism Capitalism Government Control Public Ownership (land and/or natural resources Low degree of government control ©2012, TESCCC

Economic Systems Communism (command economy) Subsistence Agriculture (Farmers grow enough for their family Socialism How much control over the means of production (how much to produce/what to produce, to whom/how it is distributed and the overall decision making process Capitalism (Free-Market Economy; Free Enterprise Production Distribution Consumption Goods and Services ©2012, TESCCC

Economic Systems     Traditional: This economic system is based on hunter-gather or

subsistence agriculture

Free Enterprise: This economic system is based on private

ownership of business and individual decisions on what to buy or sell.

Command Economy: This economic system is based

government control of businesses and decisions regarding types and locations of economic activity and production. Citizens can be assigned or strongly encouraged into various employment. There is little or no private ownership of businesses.

Mixed Economy: This economic system forms the array

between free enterprise (capitalism) and command economies (communism) with some private ownership and some government control of businesses.

Economic Activities  Primary: Economic activities that extracts natural

resources or harvests goods directly with no processing or manufacturing.

 Secondary: Manufacturing or processing raw materials.  Tertiary: Providing a service.  Quaternary: Researching, collecting, recoding, storage,

exchange, and dissemination of information and data. Services for producers.

     

Government Systems

Democracy a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.

Dictatorship a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).

Monarchy a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority.

Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.

Theocracy authority.

- a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, but the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious Totalitarian a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population.

Government Systems

          Afghanistan---------------------------- Islamic republic Brazil……………………………….federal republic France…………………………..republic

Korea, North…………..Communist state one-man dictatorship Korea, South…………………….republic

Liechtenstein………………hereditary constitutional monarchy Vietnam…………………….Communist state USA………………………..Constitution-based federal republic China……………………….Communist state Holy See (Vatican City)……………….ecclesiastical



Subsistence Agriculture



Commercial Agriculture

Define and Compare Cottage Industries & Commercial Industries   Cottage Industries An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based. While products and services created by cottage industry are often unique and distinctive given the fact that they are usually not mass-produced.

Industry is generally used to refer to making a product for resale.

Unit 3 World Geography

Transcript Unit 3 World Geography

Unit 3 World Geography

**Turn to Pages 593 & 599 AND 637 & 643

Physical Features

Why do you think a specific physical feature affects the population size?

What are push or pull factors for populations?

World Population Growth

What conclusions can be drawn from this data?

Mubai (Bombay), India

Mubai (Bombay), India

Mubai (Bombay), India

NYC

Dubai (in the future)

Beijing, China

What factors have led to a large population in those cities?

Geographers use different tools to examine and explain population growth rates. Two such tools are Population Pyramids and the Demographic Transition Chart.

Population Pyramid

Demographic Transition Chart

One group tends to live longer than the other.

Women tend to live longer than men.

Why do you think that happens?

Academic Vocabulary

Most Populous Cities in the World

Lesson 2: Place

Jerusalem

Identify social, political, cultural, and economic characteristics that make this city unique.

Place Diagram

Here’s a definition we need:

SPATIAL-

relating to, involving, or having the nature of space.

Defining a Region: Connections, Relationships, & Location

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

TRANSITION ZONES

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

Location, location, location

Common Characteristics

Sub-classification of Regions

SUB-REGIONS

FORMAL REGION

Perceptual Region

Unit 3 Lesson 3 Culture

Cultures

Introduction to Cultural Geography

Physical v. Cultural Geography

Cultural Landscape

Culture Hearth

Cultural Diffusion

Culture Region

Ethnicity

Conclusion

Review Components of Culture

Political, Economic & Social Factors affect Cultures

Human Geography: Economy, Government, & Globalization

Government Systems

Directory