Transcript Unit 3 World Geography
Unit 3 World Geography
Lesson 1: Demographics
**Turn to Pages 593 & 599 AND 637 & 643
Physical Features
1.
Himalayas 2.
Deccan Plateau 3.
Gulf of Khambat 4.
Plateau of Tibet 5.
North China Plain 6.
Gobi Dessert 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Population (small, med, large)
Why do you think a specific physical feature affects the population size?
What are push or pull factors for populations?
Pull factors promoting larger populations: Natural resources available, climate is favorable for farming, waterways for trade, strong economy, etc.;
Push factors influencing smaller populations: drought, lack of resources, poor soil, lack of infrastructure to adapt to terrain, etc.)
Do you think that this happens in every region or country in the world? Why or why not?
This is what we will be exploring in this lesson.
Human Geography is the study of people, their cultures, demographics, and the ways in which people interact with each other and their environment on Earth.
This lesson examines measures of development.
World Population Growth
What conclusions can be drawn from this data?
Mubai (Bombay), India
Mubai (Bombay), India
Mubai (Bombay), India
NYC
Dubai (in the future)
Beijing, China
What factors have led to a large population in those cities?
Geographers use different tools to examine and explain population growth rates. Two such tools are Population Pyramids and the Demographic Transition Chart.
Population Pyramid
A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a is growing.
pyramid when the population
Demographic Transition Chart
One group tends to live longer than the other.
Women tend to live longer than men.
Why do you think that happens?
Academic Vocabulary
Population density
the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile) growth rate
the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population death rate
the number of deaths per unit, usually 1000, of population in a given place and time.
natural increase
-in population studies, when the birth rate is higher than the death rate.
doubling time
-number of years taken for a population to double in size (number).
literacy rate
Total is the percentage of the population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life GNP
Gross National Product- An estimated value of the total worth of production and services, by citizens of a country, on its land or on foreign land, calculated over the course on one year GDP
Gross Domestic Product- An estimated value of the total worth of a country’s production and services, on its land, by its nationals and foreigners, calculated over the course on one year Per-Capita
per individual/person standard of living
refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area
human development index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices to rank countries into four tiers of human development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_UN_Human_Developmen t_Report_Quartiles.svg
purchase power of parity is an economic theory and a technique used to determine the relative value of currencies. It asks how much money would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two countries, and uses that to calculate an implicit foreign exchange rate. Using that PPP rate, an amount of money thus has the same purchasing power in different countries.
In countries with high population growth, there tends to be lower literacy rates, higher rates of poverty, lower life expectancy, and higher death rates.
Some things have a direct and inverse relationship: Direct: As one increases, the other does as well. For example, as per capita GDP goes up, so does life expectancy. That is a direct relationship Inverse: As one increases, the other decreases.
What are some connections between demographic information and social, political and economic factors that affect the demographics of a country or region?
What about the treatment of minorities and women?
Most Populous Cities in the World
Population density
the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile)
Population divided by square miles
Where are the most populous regions or countries in the
world? (East Asia, South Asia) What factors have contributed to these large population areas? (Fertile land,
etc.)
What factors would contribute to people migrating to
another region or to a city? (Natural disasters, disease,
famine, political instability, industrialization, etc.)
Lesson 2: Place
Jerusalem
Identify social, political, cultural, and economic characteristics that make this city unique.
Do all regions or places have unique social, political, and economic characteristics?
Do they change over time?
What are some of the possible reasons for a region’s social, political, and/or economic characteristics change over time ?
(natural disasters, wars, failing economy, etc…)
Place Diagram
Paris, France Lima, Peru Lagos, Nigeria Cairo, Egypt Istanbul, Turkey Moscow, Russia São Paulo, Brazil Shanghai, China Mumbai (Bombay), India
Here’s a definition we need:
SPATIAL-
spa·tial also spa·cial (spshl)adj.Of,
relating to, involving, or having the nature of space.
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Defining a Region: Connections, Relationships, & Location
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GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
Represent great clusters of humankind or physical characteristics Change over time Do not have definite borders May differ based on point of view Vary in size Separated from other regions by transition zones.
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TRANSITION ZONES
Location: Edge of a region An area of
spatial change
two adjacent regions join where peripheries (edges) of Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring regions Area of mixed characteristics; possible tension (cultural groups) ©2012, TESCCC
GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
What defines a region?
Regions are based on Spatial Criteria
Location, location, location
Common Characteristics
Physical (natural) Landforms, Climate, Vegetation, Biomes… Human (cultural) Language, Religion, Ethnicity, Population, Disease… ©2012, TESCCC
Sub-classification of Regions
Dominated by one political power:
North America: U.S.
Middle America: Mexico South America: Brazil Russian Realm: Russia East Asia: China South Asia: India Southeast Asia: Indonesia Australian Realm: Australia
No dominant State
Europe Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa / Southwest Asia Oceania (Pacific Realm) ©2012, TESCCC
SUB-REGIONS
Classification of Regions based upon physical features and human characteristics or both.
All regions can be divided into sub-regions Ex: United States’ Location: North American Region. U.S. Sub-regions may include: Northeast, Midwest, South, North … or… Metropolitan and suburban areas …or… Physical regions (Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes) Texas example: Hill Country, Piney Woods, West Texas, The Valley, The Coast, East Texas, The Panhandle… •
Region & Sub-region boundaries are based on criteria we establish.
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FORMAL REGION
Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena.
Examples: Corn Belt Sun Belt Rust Belt Latin America Southwest Asia
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FUNCTIONAL REGION
A region marked by its dynamic internal structure
•A spatial system focused on a central core •A region formed by a set of places and their functional integration (Ex. River systems, Highways, Railroads systems, Communication systems, etc.) • •
Example: Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Mississippi River Watershed
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Perceptual Region
A region that is marked by unique human ideas or perceptions.
Examples: “The Orient” or the “Tropics” The “South” v. the “North” The “Middle East” v. “Southwest Asia” “Central Texas” “Hill Country” A region of the city or town: “Mid-Town” “Downtown” ©2012, TESCCC
Unit 3 Lesson 3 Culture
As we look through these pictures, add them to your chart.
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Cultures
Are there Similar Cultures in different parts of the world?
Why is that?
(Historical events such as colonization, common borders, etc.)
How do cultures diffuse, past and present?
For example, in the past, cultures diffused through trade routes, but today cultures diffuse through the social media and other forms of technological advance
Introduction to Cultural Geography
Also known as Human Geography ©2012, TESCCC
Physical v. Cultural Geography
Physical Geography
Rocks/Minerals
Cultural Geography
Population/Settlements/Urbanization Landforms Economic and Political Systems Animal and Plant Life Soils Atmosphere/Climate/Weather Environment Rivers/Oceans/Other bodies of Water Transportation Human Migration Social Systems Recreation Religion/Belief System Cultural Geography is the study of the Earth’s
human landscape
.
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CULTURE
•
Definition
: Shared patterns of learned behavior that are passed on from generation to generation.
•
Components
: • Beliefs, Values, Customs • Languages, Ethnicity, Religion • Institutions (Economic, Political, Educational) • Art, Music, and Technology ©2012, TESCCC
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
• A field that studies spatial aspects of human cultures.
•
Major components
focus on:
Cultural Landscapes
Culture Hearths
Cultural Diffusion
Culture Regions
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Cultural Landscape
•
The composite of human imprints on the earth’s surface.
•
Carl Sauer’s definition: “
the forms superimposed on the physical landscape by the activities of man” “
from
Recent Developments in Cultural Geography, 1927
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Culture Hearth
• The
source areas
from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that change the world beyond.
• What are some examples? (Culture Hearth) ©2012, TESCCC
Cultural Diffusion
• The spreading of a culture element (ex: technological innovation) • Can you think of any examples of cultural diffusion, past or present?
Culture Region
• Distinct, culturally discrete spatial unit; a region where certain cultural norms prevail.
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Ethnicity
What is ethnicity?
Common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background An Example of Ethnic and Religious Conflict: The Balkans: Ethnic war between the Croatian Catholics, the Bosnian Muslims, and the Serbian Orthodox.
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Conclusion
• Think about your own culture: your belief system, institutions that you are part of, technology you use everyday.
• Cultures change over time, but the historical aspects are very important for understanding today’s cultures. Culture must be examined from different perspectives. • Know the terms cultural landscape, cultural hearth, cultural diffusion, and culture region- these terms describe the ways in which cultural geographers view the world.
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Review Components of Culture
Language Ethnicity Religious Beliefs Customs and Traditions Economic Activities Culture Technology ©2012, TESCCC Education Systems Art and Music Political Systems
Political, Economic & Social Factors affect Cultures
• Political: a system of government (dictatorship, communist, etc. may forbid religious practices, prohibit language spoken by indigenous people, forbid type of clothing, impose a specific religion, etc.) • Economic: (the diffusion of economic practices might go against a people’s value system, or customs and traditions.
• Social Factors: (a region’s value system might contradict a religion’s ideals, a region’s education system may prohibit cultural practices. ©2012, TESCCC
Human Geography: Economy, Government, & Globalization
Unit 3 Lesson 4 ©2012, TESCCC
What is economics?
A social science concerned with
description
and
analysis
of the production, distribution and consumption of
goods
and
services
.
Goods
: things you use or consume (food, books, cars, cell phones, etc.) these are things you can touch
Services
: something someone does for you; a service provided for you (haircut, someone fixes your car, someone tutors you, etc.) these are things you cannot touch Production Distribution Consumption Goods and Services ©2012, TESCCC
Subsistence Agriculture (Farmers grow enough for their family Economic Systems Controlled Economy Free Market Free Enterprise Communism Socialism Capitalism Government Control Public Ownership (land and/or natural resources Low degree of government control ©2012, TESCCC
Economic Systems Communism (command economy) Subsistence Agriculture (Farmers grow enough for their family Socialism How much control over the means of production (how much to produce/what to produce, to whom/how it is distributed and the overall decision making process Capitalism (Free-Market Economy; Free Enterprise Production Distribution Consumption Goods and Services ©2012, TESCCC
Economic Systems Traditional: This economic system is based on hunter-gather or
subsistence agriculture
Free Enterprise: This economic system is based on private
ownership of business and individual decisions on what to buy or sell.
Command Economy: This economic system is based
government control of businesses and decisions regarding types and locations of economic activity and production. Citizens can be assigned or strongly encouraged into various employment. There is little or no private ownership of businesses.
Mixed Economy: This economic system forms the array
between free enterprise (capitalism) and command economies (communism) with some private ownership and some government control of businesses.
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Economic Activities Primary: Economic activities that extracts natural
resources or harvests goods directly with no processing or manufacturing.
Secondary: Manufacturing or processing raw materials. Tertiary: Providing a service. Quaternary: Researching, collecting, recoding, storage,
exchange, and dissemination of information and data. Services for producers.
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Government Systems
Democracy a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed.
Dictatorship a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws).
Monarchy a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority.
Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation.
Theocracy authority.
- a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, but the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious Totalitarian a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population.
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Government Systems
Afghanistan---------------------------- Islamic republic Brazil……………………………….federal republic France…………………………..republic
Korea, North…………..Communist state one-man dictatorship Korea, South…………………….republic
Liechtenstein………………hereditary constitutional monarchy Vietnam…………………….Communist state USA………………………..Constitution-based federal republic China……………………….Communist state Holy See (Vatican City)……………….ecclesiastical
Subsistence Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
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Define and Compare Cottage Industries & Commercial Industries Cottage Industries An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based. While products and services created by cottage industry are often unique and distinctive given the fact that they are usually not mass-produced.
©2012, TESCCC Commercial Industries Commercial refers to someone who is in business to make a profit.
Industry is generally used to refer to making a product for resale.