Sectional Differences - cartervilleushistory
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Sectional Differences
Chapter 7: Section 2
Objectives
Analyze why industrialization took root in the
northern part of the US.
Describe the impact of industrialization.
Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery
became entrenched in the South.
North vs. South
Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast
Changed the structure of society
In the South, cotton production boom helped to
deepen the region’s commitment to slavery
The 2 parts of the country developed in different
ways this would complicate politics in the US
North Embraces Industry
Thomas Jefferson’s Plan
Maintain farmers
1815-1860, industrial boom
Democratic Republican policies contributed to
industrial development
Spread of Industrialization
Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access
to British manufactured goods
Americans built their own factories in NE
British goods threaten American factories
Tariff of 1816
Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods
Increased the price on imports by 20-25%
Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay
higher prices for consumer goods
Sad farmer… paying too
much for consumer goods
Why the Northeast?
Factories emerged in the northeast because…
1. greater access to capital
2. Had more cheap labor in factories
3. Rivers water power
Question
What factors contributed to industrialization in the
early 1800s?
In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and
capital contributed to industrialization
Social Change in the
North
Arrival of industry…
Not as much skill needed for jobs
Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths, shoemakers,
and tailors) could not compete with low-cost
laborers
Artisans suffer from declining wages
Workers Organize
Political change
1820 elections (Local and State elections)
Workingmen’s Party
Sought free public education and laws to limit working
day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours
Labor unions
Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours,
or to improve conditions
Helped skilled tradesmen
“Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836
Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party
prospered during 1800s
Middle Class Emerges
Emigration from Ireland and
Germany
Emigration
1840s, working class comprised of immigrants
Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany
Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines
Boosted share of nation’s population
Promoted urban growth
40% of NYC population
Went wherever there were factory jobs
Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains
Poverty and Job competition
Nativists
Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny
political rights to newcomers
Irish Immigration
Irish Famine
Irish Famine
Question
How did industrialization change the experience
of working people?
Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it
also reduced the wages previously earned by
artisans. It also created a more rigid division of
social classes.
Southern Agricultural
Economy and Society
1780s, hope that slavery would become
unpopular
Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation
Deep South cotton leading crop
Slavery heightens
Cotton Production
Surges
Boost of cotton industry
3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion,
industrialization
1793, invention of cotton gin
Separated cotton seed from white fiber
Supplied Northern factories with cotton
Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half
the value of all American exports
Cotton Boom Spreads
Slavery
Slavery flourished and became more deeply
entrenched in the South
Needed more workers and more land
Cotton was very profitable slaves became more
valuable to owners
Overseas trade banned in 1808
Illegal trade and interstate trade
Interstate Slave Trade
Economic Consequences
Limitation of regional development with cotton
production
Issue of relying on one crop
No urban growth
North grew faster than the South gave North
political power
South had limited consumer demand
More profitable to buy a plantation
Cultural Consequences
A dispersed population and slavery affected the
South
Planters opposed education for slaves/poor
whites
Poor whites also got very little/no education
Illiteracy 15%
Defending the Slave
System in the South
Common farmers wanted to acquire their own
slaves and plantations
Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners
All whites felt racially superiority
Felt they had more rights than those in the North
Felt more independent
1850s, proslavery
The institution of slavery
Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than
industrial life was to white workers