Transcript Introduction to Plants PPT
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
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Early Ancestors
Aquatic to Terrestrial Life
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Aquatic Ancestor
Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Group of green algae Called Charyophyceans
Chara
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Algae & Land Plant Similarities
Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts thylakoids with stacks of Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle
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Aquatic Habitat Terrestrial Habitat
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Living in Aquatic Environments
Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Sperm swims to egg Water supports plant Plants stay in upper surface near light Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O
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Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Gravity Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Solutions:
Roots absorb H minerals 2 O & Lignin & cellulose walls in cell Vascular Transport System
Waxy cuticle stomata & with guard
cells Pollen
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containing sperm
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How Are Plants All Alike?
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Plant Characteristics
Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b membranes in thylakoid Surrounded by cell walls cellulose (polysaccharide) containing Store reserve food as amylose (starch)
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Plant Reproduction
Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte Haploid (1n) stage gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue
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Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte produces haploid spores stage by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte to
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Alternation of Generations 2n Sporophyte Gametophyte 2n gametophyte 1n pollen 2n seed with plant embryo Sporophyte
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Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs)
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Plant Divisions
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Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence system materials of an internal transport for water and dissolved Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles
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Vascular System
Xylem Phloem used tissue carries minerals upward from the roots tissue carries water sugars and made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem
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Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular tissue for support materials or conduction of Called Bryophytes Sporophyte stage Require a constantly moist environment Gametophyte Stage
Moss Gametophytes & copyright cmassengale Sporophytes 16
Nonvascular Plants
Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets
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Nonvascular Plants
Includes mosses (Bryophyta) , liverworts (Hepatophyta) , and hornworts (Antherophyta) Liverworts
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Hornworts
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Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
-Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant copyright cmassengale 19
Vascular Plants
Also called Tracheophytes Subdivided into two groups - Seedless vascular plants and Seed bearing vascular plants
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Club Moss
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Includes club moss (Lycophyta) , horsetails (Sphenophyta) , whisk ferns (Psilophyta) , and ferns (Pterophyta) Whisk ferns
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Horsetails
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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms cones have naked seeds Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds in
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Gymnosperms
Coniferophyta are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta ginkgo Ginkgo
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Cycad
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Gymnosperms
Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood
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Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule pollen Ovary is fertilized by in the ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) Fruits parts of the plant are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries ( disperse seeds) help
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Angiosperms
Division Anthophyta Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots cotyledon have a single seed Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered of stem in cross section
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Dicots Net venation leaves in Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings of stem in cross section
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Plant Uses
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Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce oxygen for the atmosphere Produce lumber for building Provide homes and food for many organisms Prevent erosion Used for food
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More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper products Source of many medicines Ornamental and shade for yards Fibers such as cotton for fabric Dyes
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