Transcript Chapter 1

W4/25/12
Distribution of People in
Cities
(Ch. 13.2 – pp. 410-418)
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I. Models of Urban Structure
– Overview
– used to explain where people live in cities
– 3 models, all developed in Chicago
» few physical limitations in Midwest
– A. Concentric zone model
• E. W. Burgess – Chicago – 1923 - sociologist
• Cities grow out from central core
– Similar to tree rings
– Rings may differ in size
• 5 rings
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1. CBD – non-residential, businesses
2. Transition zone – industry, poorer (immigrants)
3. working-class homes – more modest, simpler homes
4. better housing – middle-class
5. commuters – on outskirts of city
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Concentric Zone Model
Figure 13-4
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I. Models of Urban Structure
– B. Sector model
• Homer Hoyt – Chicago – 1939 – economist
– Cities develop in sectors rather than rings
– Some areas more attractive for a specific need/activity
– Cities expand in wedges, rather than circles
» Refinement of concentric zone model
– pattern of wealthy districts moving further and further away
from CBD over time
• Both Hoyt & Burgess used Chicago as model
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Sector Model
Figure 13-5
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I. Models of Urban Structure
– C. Multiple nuclei model
• C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman – geographers – 1945
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Cities are complex & can include more than one center
Multiple nodes (ex: ports, universities, transportation, etc.)
Areas are attractive or unattractive to specific nodes
Some nodes avoid each other
» Also used Chicago as model
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Multiple Nuclei Model
Figure 13-6
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I. Models of Urban Structure
• D. Geographic Application of the Models
• Models can be used to show where different social
groups live in the cities
• Data used to support and/or counter models
– Census tracts – U.S. Bureau of Census divides country into
clusters of ~5,000 ppl.
» Tries to maintain neighborhood boundaries
» May include multiple characteristics of area
– Social area analysis
» Studies comparing population distributions based on
specific characteristics
• E. Criticism of the Models
– Models may be too simple & outdated
– Make more sense when parts of each are used to explain
contemporary circumstances
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II. Applying the Models Outside North America
– A. European cities
• Opposite pattern from U.S.
– Wealthy live in CBDs
– Poor live in suburbs
• High-density suburbs to avoid suburban sprawl
– Leads to greater pockets of poverty
– B. Less developed countries
• Regional distinctions – Americas, Asia, Africa
– Few cities prior to European colonialism in Africa & America
– Asia had major cities
• 1. Pre-colonial Cities
– Often focused on religious structure
– Lone American exception was Mexico - Tenochtitlan
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Income Distribution in the Paris Region
Figure 13-10
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II. Applying the Models Outside North America
– B. Less Developed Countries (cont.)
• 2. Colonial Cities
– Similar to Eur. cities due to colonial influence
» Urban – wealthier
» Suburban – poorer
– Often built new city next to, or over, “old city”
» Fez, New Delhi – next to
» Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) – over
• 3. Cities since Independence
– Continue Eur. pattern
» Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro
• 4. Squatter Settlements
– Massive housing shortage
– Too many people w/out enough money to afford housing
– Incredible poverty
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Model of a Latin American City
Figure 13-14
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.