Transcript Chapter 1

F4/27/12
Suburban Challenges
(Ch. 13.4 – pp. 424-437)
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I. Urban Expansion
• A. Annexation
– Process of legally adding land area to a city
• Common in late 19th & early 20th C.
– Received better urban services
• Less common today – prefer local services
• B. Defining urban settlements
• 1. The city – a legal entity
– Local gov’t system w/ fixed boundaries
– Generally population has declined since 1950 – why?
– Growth of central cities – city surrounded by suburbs
• 2. Urbanized areas – a continuously built-up area
– Difficult to define
– City and all contiguous built-up suburbs w/ specific density
(1K ppl./mi.)
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Urban Growth &
Annexation over
time –
Chicago
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I. Urban Expansion
• B. Defining urban settlements (cont.)
• 3. Metropolitan areas – a functional area
• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
– Specific statistical area – cities of 50K or more & includes
people in surrounding coutnies that work in city
» Based on counties – census data available
» 366 MSAs as of 2009
– Similar to old standard metropolitan stat. area (SMSAs)
– Micropolitan statistical areas (mSAs) – cities of 10K-50K
» US has 574
– Core based statistical areas (CBSAs) – combo of MSAs &
mSAs
– Combined statistical areas (CSAs) – many mSAs are tied to
MSAs – 124 in US
– Primary census statistical areas (PCSAs) – CSA + remaining
MSAs & mSAs = PCSAs
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City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of
St. Louis
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I. Urban Expansion
• C. Local government fragmentation
• Little communication & coordination among local gov’t
• Council of government – cooperative agency of several
local areas to oversee common planning (roads, etc.)
– Ex.: Consolidations of city and county governments –
Indianapolis, Miami
– Ex.: Federations - Toronto
• D. Overlapping Metropolitan Areas
• Combination of MSAs among regions
– Area belongs to several MSAs
• megalopolis – “great city” – Boston to Washington
corridor (“Boswash”)
– Other ex: midwest – Chicago to Pittsburgh; CA to Tijuana;
Ruhr valley (Ger.); Tokaido (Japan)
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II. Peripheral Model
• Overview
• Created by Chauncey Harris (multiple nuclei)
• peripheral model – urban area w/ other nodes in
surrounding suburban areas tied by beltway
• Edge cities – nodes of consumer or business services
on beltway
– A. Density gradient
– Number of houses diminish w/ distance from center of city
– B. Cost of suburban sprawl
• Spread of development over surrounding area
–
–
–
–
Need new roads & utilities, construction
Loss of agricultural land
greenbelts – rings of open space (common in Europe)
Smart growth – preservation of agricultural land w/ growth
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Density Gradient - Cleveland
Figure 13-23
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III. Suburban Segregation
– A. Residential Segregation
• Areas often informally segregated due to costs
– socio-economic segregation
– zoning ordinances – prevent residential & commercial areas
– B. Suburbanization of Businesses
• 1. Suburbanization of Retailing
– Growth of malls & shopping centers
• 2. Suburbanization of Factories & Offices
– Attracted to larger spaces, cheaper lands, access to highways
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Suburban Stress
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IV. Transportation and Suburbanization
– A. Motor Vehicles
• 95+ % of all trips in US by car
• Most traveling done during rush hour
– B. Public Transit
• 1. Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space
– Cheaper, less pollutant, more energy efficient than an automobile
– Suited to move large number of people to small area
• 2. Public transit in the United States
– Used primarily for rush-hour workers to/from CBD
– esp. NYC, Bos, SF, DC, Chi, Phi
– Small cities have minimal use
– Most Americans prefer to commute by car
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Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium
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The End.
Up next: Resource Issues
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