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Introduction to Contemporary Geography Lectures Chapter 13 Urban Patterns Amy D'Angelo SUNY Oswego © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Land Uses in CBD of Wilkes-Barre, PA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Concentric Zone Model • According to the concentric zone model, created in 1923 by sociologist E. W. Burgess, a city grows outward from a central area in a series of five concentric rings, like the growth rings of a tree. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Concentric Zone Model • • • • • Innermost zone – CBD Second ring – zone in transition Third ring – zone of working-class homes Fourth zone – middle-class families Commuter’s zone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sector Model • According to the sector model, developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt, the city develops in a series of sectors. • As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sector Model © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Nuclei Model • According to the multiple nuclei model, a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. • Examples of these nodes include a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, and park. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Nuclei Model © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sectors in Dallas © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Nuclei in Dallas © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sector Model in European Cities • As in the United States, wealthier people in European cities cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD. • In Paris, high-income residents moved from the royal palace at the Louvre west towards another royal palace at Versailles. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cities Since Independence • Following independence, Latin American cities have grown in accordance with the sector and concentric zone models. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Definitions of St. Louis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Metropolitan Statistical Area • The U.S. Bureau of the Census has created a method of measuring the functional area of a city, known as the metropolitan statistical area (MSA). • An MSA includes the following: 1. An urbanized area of at least 50,000 inhabitants. 2. The county within which the city is located. 3. Adjacent counties with a high population density and a large percentage of residents working in the central city’s county. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Micropolitan Statistical Areas • The census has also designated smaller urban areas as micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs). • These include an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Overlapping Metropolitan Areas in Europe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Annexation in Chicago © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 13.9 Suburban Sprawl • In 1950, only 20 percent of Americans lived in suburbs. • After more than a half-century of rapid suburban growth, 50 percent of Americans now live in suburbs. • US suburbs are characterized by sprawl, which is the progressive spread of development over the landscape. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 13.10 Urban Transportation • People do not travel aimlessly; their trips have a precise point of origin, destination, and purpose. • Work related trips – 1/2 • Shopping, social, and personal business – 1/4 • Sprawl makes people more dependent on motor vehicles for access to work, shopping, and social activities. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Development of Urban Transportation • Historically, people lived in crowded cities because they had to be within walking distance of shops and places of employment. • Cities then built street railways (called trolleys, streetcars, or trams) and underground railways (subways) to accommodate commuters. • These lines restricted suburban development to narrow ribbons within walking distance of the stations. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Public Transportation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.