Social Development (Chapter 13)

Second Lecture Outline: Psychosexual Development Attachment Theory and Parenting Moral Development

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

 Oral stage (birth to two years) • Pleasure from sucking and oral activity  Anal stage (two to four years) • Urination and defecation  Phallic stage (4 to middle childhood) • Oedipal (male) and Electra (female) conflict: Desire opposite sex parent, fear wrath of same sex parent, identify with same sex parent  Latency and Genital (adolescent) phases

Freud and the two problem women in his life

Attachment theory

 Emotional bonds between people have adaptive significance, develop through an interactional history, and influence personality development  History: Spitz and WWII orphans; Harry Harlow and rhesus monkeys; Lorenz and his ducks; Genie and deprivation; sabre tooth tigers  Bowlby: Attachment, Separation, and Loss

Maasi in africa: Attachment theory is cross-cultural

Patterns in Infancy: Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

 Three patterns which differ on proximity seeking and distress resolution  Avoidant (A): No distress or proximity seeking, no distinction between mother and stranger  Secure (B): Distress resolved, proximity seeking  Resistant (C): Distress not resolved, ambivalent proximity-seeking

Attachment in context

 Parental work status does not predict attachment  Emotional adjustment of the parent (e.g., family stress and conflict) is important  Quality of non-parental care is important  Relationship quality becomes internalizes and influences later adult and romantic relationships • AAI: Dismissing, Autonomous, Preoccupied

Parental Styles

 Authoritarian: Firm, punitive, unsympathetic, and negative • Children can learn to be sneaky and externally controlled with low self-esteem  Permissive: Freedom, no rules or discipline • Children can learn to be impulsive, get in trouble  Authoritative: Firm but understanding • Children help make the rules, high self-esteem

Moral Development

 Kohlberg’s model: I leave exam in room •

Preconventional morality age 7-10

: Punishment and obedience •

Conventional morality age 10-16

: Social rules are internalized; conscience •

Post-conventional morality 16+

: Internal moral principles outweigh social rules  Gilligan: Justice and respect are male-, care and compassion are female-oriented

Scenario I In Europe, a woman was near death from a very unusual kind of cancer. The doctors thought that one drug -- a form of radium discovered by a druggist in the same town -- might save her life. The druggist paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. Heinz, the sick woman's husband, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only raise $2000, half of the drug's selling price.

Heinz pleaded with the druggist, explaining to him that his wife was dying. He presented several options to the druggist: sell the drug to Heinz at a cheaper price, let Heinz pay for the drug in installments or let Heinz pay for it at a later date. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it." Heinz is now considering breaking into the drug store and stealing for his wife. Question #1 Should Heinz steal the drug? Question #2 Should Heinz steal the same drug if the dying person is a "not particularly close" friend, rather than a spouse or relative?