Transcript World War I - Prince George Secondary School

WORLD WAR I
(AKA…… WWI, THE FIRST WORLD WAR,
THE GREAT WAR, THE WAR TO END ALL WARS)
Causes and Canada’s Reaction
EUROPE IN 1914
 Last major European war was Franco-Prussian War
of 1871
 Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of
France, France bitter
 Germany is a new major power in the world
 Britain & France feel threatened
 In 1908, Austria-Hungary took
over Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 Many inhabitants not happy;
 Serbia wants Bosnia to join them
NOTE – Turkey/Ottoman Empire =
“The Sick-Man of Europe”
CAUSES OF WW I
 M.A.N.I.A.C.
 Militarism
 Alliances
 Nationalism
 Imperialism
 Assassination
 Crisis
Militarism
 Massive build-up of armed forces to deter rivals -
“Intimidation”
 a nation’s armed forces come to dominate its national
policy
 a glorification of the military and war itself
Military displays to
Show ‘The World’
The tank redefined warfare
ARMY
French/German desire to be #1.
“My army is bigger
than your army!!!”
HMS Dreadnought
Brt. #1 Navy
ALLIANCES
 Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to
defend one another if attacked.
“Friends”
“If one goes… they all go.”
 Triple Entente:
“The Allies”
Britain, France,
Russia
 Triple Alliance:
Germany,
Austria-Hungary,
Italy*** ***Note – In 1915 Italy joined the Allies
Nationalism –
‘Pride
in ones country’
 Pride and patriotism in one’s nation, belief in national identity.
“Nations are like people:
pride, jealousy, insults, revenge, do not forgive and forget.”
Austro-Hungarian Empire controlled several slavic nations.
- several (Bosnia) wanted out.
- Serbia wanted to include Bosnia.
- Austro-Hungarian nationalists wanted to crush the Serbs.
THE BLACK HAND – Bosnian Serbs
wanting to form a ‘Greater Serbia.”
A CANADIAN EXAMPLE
QUEBEC
Bosnia
(Language, laws, religion)
IMPERIALISM – ‘Like Canada was to Britain’
 Domination by one country of the political,
economic, and/or cultural life of another
country or region.
Due to Industrial Revolution
of the 1800s, some European
nations had a large portion
of the world under their control.
Empires became a show of strength.
Countries competed for colonies around the world.
Became like a game“My
Dad is Bigger Than Your Dad”
ASSASSINATION -
June 28, 1914:
- Archduke Ferdinand & his wife were assasinated by a
Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) while
they visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.
- Austria-Hungary was angry &
blamed Serbia.
- The Serb gov’t was not responsible
but A-H saw its chance to
declare war.
- Russia (also a Slavic nation)
backed the Serbs & declared
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
war on A-H.
The ‘Crown Prince’ of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Gavrilo Princip
Serbian Nationalist
CRISIS –
 June 28:
 July 6:
 July 23:
The chain of events leading up to WW I
The Assassination.
Germany offers A-H Empire
“Blank Cheque.”
A-H issues Serbia ultimatum.
Assassination investigation / anti A-H supporters removed.
 July 26:




Russia mobilizes forces.
July 28: Break down of diplomacy /
A-H declares war on Serbia
August 1: Germany declares war on
Russia; France mobilizes army
August 3: Germany declares war on France (Schlieffen Plan –
attack France, via Belgium, then focus on Russia)
August 4: Germany invades Belgium on way to France; Britain
declares war on Germany
THE CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP
TRIPLE
ALLIANCE
WORLD LEADERS
ALLIES / TRIPLE ENTENTE
ITALY
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Canada
PM Robert Borden
Russia
Czar Nicholas II
United States -***1917
President Woodrow Wilson
France
PM Georges
Clemenceau
Great Britain
PM David
Lloyd George
Germany –
Kaiser Wilhelm
Austria-Hungary –
Emperor
Franz Joseph
CANADA’S RESPONSE
 CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY
=> British controlled
 “If Britain = war
=>
Canada = war”
 “Ready, Aye Ready!
 Aug. 4 @ 8:55pm, 1914 news reached Ottawa.
 Cheering crowds




‘Last Til Christmas’
Bring French & English together?????
Truce between gov’ts
Soldiers to return heroes
CANADA’S RESPONSE
 CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY => British controlled
 “If Britain = war
=>
Canada = war”
 ENLISTMENT
 25 000 promised => 30,000 Canadians enlisted
 Reasons: British patriotism, adventure, honour,
travel, a job, visit the ‘old country’.
 DISCRIMINATION
 - Women – rejected except for nurses or ambulance
drivers.
 Minorities – at first not allowed to enlist; eventually
accepted => not promoted. (Aboriginal, African, Japanese)
 CANADIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE CREATED
 It was assumed Canadians would join British forces
 => Can. Identity created

Canada’s Response (cont.)
WAR MEASURES ACT -1914
Gave gov’t power to do whatever
necessary to protect Canada.
- censorship
- suspend habeus corpus
- deport enemy aliens
- internment camps
Sam Hughes – Minister of Militia- ‘Goat to Hero’
 Awarded manufacturing
contracts to friends (war profiteers)
 Poor quality equipment and supplies (ex.
Ross rifle)
 Behind schedule
 Fired in 1916
ROSS RIFLE
BOOTS
Cardboard Sole??
ASSIGNMENT
Was the WMA necessary?
Is it constitutional?
Why did the Liberals agree to it?
THE WAR ON LAND
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
1. Quickly through neutral
TRENCH WARFARE
Belgium => Paris, France.
2. Turn attention on Russia
Battle of Attrition
No Man’s Land
BASED ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS
1.
2.
Russia would be slow to mobilize.
Britain = neutral
Note – Almost worked but Western
Front = trench warfare and
became a stalemate.
Trench Foot
X
X
Gas attacks
Chlorine Gas
NEW TECHNOLOGY VS. ATTRITION ??
CANADIAN BATTLES
BATTLE OF YPRES - April 22 1915.
Can. Hit with Chlorine Gas
=> now banned
1 month = 6000 Can.
Killed / wounded
BATTLE OF THE SOMME - July 1916
- Canadians made a name for themselves
-The Allies attacked Germ. @ The Somme R. in Fr.
- Failure – Shelling did not destroy Germ defence.
- Old Tactics vs machine guns.
- continued ‘Old Tactics’ despite losses
-5 mo. = 13 km & 24 000 Can. lives
Poem “In Flanders Fields”
BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE – 1916
- 1st time Can troops attacked together
- Can. Captured after years of attempts.
- a stunning victory.
-3500 dead / 7 000 wounded
- created a National Pride & reputation.
PASSCHENDALE – Oct. 1917
-Gen. Currie on orders from Haig took town
of Passchendale at 15 000 Can lives.
-Gained 7-8 km & Germ soon recaptured.
- known for a ‘muddy mess.’
THE WAR IN THE AIR & AT SEA
IN THE AIR
AT SEA
Canada’s small
merchant marine
ferried munitions
and food to Britain.
The biplane was used for
Reconnaissance and
‘Dog Fights’.
The Allies used
convoys to protect
goods from
German U-boats.
Billy Bishop flew in Brt. Royal Flying Corps.
Credited with 72 kills => 5 = an “ace”
Avg. life expectancy of a pilot was
measured in weeks.
The German
Sinking of the
Lusitania and any
other vessel in
the War Zone
brought the USA
into the war.
THE HOME FRONT
Canadian’s would do whatever it would take to help the war effort
Exports would hit record highs – lumber, minerals, wheat, beef.
Result in Canada – economy boomed but… prices rose, wages dropped =>worker
discontent,
Rationing
Corporate & Income Tax
Women in WWI
Propaganda
HALIFAX EXPLOSION
Two ships collided levelling
Much of the city & killing
2000 people.
THE CONSCRIPTION CRISIS
In 1917 Borden
Introduced the
Military Service Act
(Mandatory service)
PM Borden
promised no
conscription
Led to the
Military Voters Act
(men & women overseas)
By 1917, it was obvious
&
That more soldiers were
Wartime Elections
(Wives but no Consc. Obj.
needed
Act
or enemy aliens)
OPPOSITION TO CONSCRIPTION
QUEBEC – WHY???
- Farmers needed at home
- No connection to Brt. or Fr.
- Eng vs. Fr language issues.
- Fr. Soldiers not united.
- Few Fr. officers.
- Bourassa felt Can. had given
enough -> bankrupt Can.
- Married younger.
Farmers & Unions also opposed.
‘Rich = richer; Poor go to war’
EXEMPTIONS DENIED
Conscientious Objectors
Disabled
Clergy
Khaki Election
Special skills
of 1917
Fed. Election based
Essential jobs – Farmers,
on Borden’s efforts.
Liberal Laurier opposed
conscription.
Ind. Workers
THE END OF THE WAR
TWO EVENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR
1.
RUSSIA’ S “PEACE & BREAD” (Russians tired of war)
Czar Nicolas abdicates , provisional gov’t fails, & socialist
Bolsheviks negotiate with Central Powers -> Treaty of BrestLitovsk = Truce
2.
U.S.A. ENTERS THE WAR – April2, 1917.
“Lusitania” sunk & Germ. Promised support to Mexico
Lenin
RESULT
THE HUNDRED DAYS CAMPAIGN – Allies crush Germans. Germ. Moves troops from
Eastern Front to West .
- Germ. to win Western Front before USA arrives.
-launch massive attack.
- success until USA arrived (75 km from Paris)
- Central Powers Collapse -> Armistice Nov. 11, 11:00am, 1918
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
JAN. 1919
PM BORDEN & CANADA = AUTONOMY
CENTRAL POWERS & RUSSIA NOT INVITED
TREATY OF VERSAILLES CREATED
TREATY OF VERSAILLES -
June 28, 1919
 Laid out terms of peace for Germany
 President Wilson proposed ‘14-Point Plan’ based on
forgiveness
 France and Belgium wanted Germany to pay
THE TERMS
- German “War Guilt Clause”
- Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion
today) Unable to meet payments
- Germany loses land
- German army limited to 100,000
soldiers
- Not allowed U-boats or an air force
- League of Nations formed
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
 President Wilson’s idea
 Similar to today’s United Nations
 Collective Security – one country is
attacked, others help defend it
 Britain and France not enthused about League
 Wanted to remain imperialistic
 League popular with the public
 Canada an independent member of League
Limitations
- Required co-operation Gutless
-No military force, only
economic sanctions
-Americans refused to join,
even though Wilson’s idea
EFFECTS OF WWI ON CANADA
 National Identity
 Economy
 Women’s Rights
 Canadian Autonomy
 International Status
 French-English Relations
 Racial Discrimination/WMA
 Thousands Dead and Wounded
Country Mobilized Killed Wounded
7+ mil
Canada
620,000
67,000
173,000
Total Casualties
241,000
Grt Brit. 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000
USA
4,272,500
117,000 204,000
321,000
39%
44%
8%
Spanish Influenza
Spanish Influenza
After the war, the Spanish Flu swept through he
world killing over 21 million people.
More than the war itself.
FIRST NATION SOLDIERS
During war = vote under
Military Voters Act
*** Removed when WW I
ended!!!
Soldiers returned to:
- No Pensions
- No Medical
- No Jobs
- Employers got rich!!
Was WW I a positive or negative
experience for Canada?
Be sure to use Key Terms
Positives
Many more……
Negatives
Many more……