Transcript World War I
WORLD WAR I
(AKA…… WWI, THE FIRST WORLD WAR, THE GREAT WAR, THE WAR TO END ALL WARS)
EUROPE IN 1914
Last major European war was
Franco-Prussian War
of 1871
Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of France, France bitter Germany
is a new major power in the world
Britain & France feel threatened
In 1908, Austria-Hungary took
over
Bosnia and Herzegovina
.
Many inhabitants not happy; Serbia wants Bosnia to join them
NOTE
–
Turkey/Ottoman Empire
= “
The Sick-Man of Europe
”
CAUSES OF WW I
M.A.N.I.A.C.
M
ilitarism
A
lliances
N
ationalism
I
mperialism
A
ssassination
C
risis
Militarism
Massive build-up of armed forces to deter rivals “Intimidation” a nation’s armed forces come to dominate its national policy a glorification of the military and war itself Military displays to Show ‘The World’ The tank redefined warfare ARMY French/German desire to be #1.
“
My army is
bigger
than your army!!!”
HMS Dreadnought Brt. #1 Navy
ALLIANCES
Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to defend one another if attacked.
“Friends”
“If one goes… they all go.”
Triple Entente
: “The Allies” Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance:
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy*** *** Note – In 1915 Italy joined the Allies
Nationalism –
‘ Pride in ones country’ Pride and patriotism in one’s nation, belief in national identity.
“Nations are like people: pride, jealousy, insults, revenge, do not forgive and forget.”
Irrational
– Comes from the heart!!
Austro-Hungarian Empire
controlled several Slavic nations.
- several (Bosnia) wanted out.
- Serbia wanted to include Bosnia.
- Austro-Hungarian nationalists wanted to crush the Serbs.
KEEP STATUS-QUO NEW POWER EXTREME NATIONALISM
THE BLACK HAND
– Bosnian Serbs wanting to form a ‘Greater Serbia.” REVENGE VULNERABLE A CANADIAN EXAMPLE QUEBEC Bosnia SICK MAN OF EUROPE DESIRES LEADING TO WW I (Language, laws, religion)
IMPERIALISM – ‘
Like Canada was to Britain’
Domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region.
Due to Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, some European nations had a large portion of the world under their control.
Today’s Imperialism = Economic Empires became a show of strength.
Countries competed for colonies around the world.
Became like a game “
My Dad is Bigger Than Your Dad
”
ASSASSINATION -
June 28, 1914: - Archduke Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) while they by a visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.
- Austria-Hungary was angry & blamed Serbia .
- The Serb gov’t was not responsible but A-H saw its chance to declare war.
Russia (also a Slavic nation) backed the Serbs & declared war on A-H.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand The ‘
Crown Prince
’ of the Austro-Hungarian Empire .
Gavrilo Princip Serbian Nationalist
CRISIS –
The chain of events leading up to WW I
June 28: The Assassination .
July 6: Germany offers A-H Empire “ Blank Cheque .” July 23: A-H issues Serbia ultimatum .
Assassination investigation / anti A-H supporters removed.
July 26: Russia mobilizes forces.
July 28: Break down of diplomacy / A-H declares war on Serbia August 1: Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes army August 3: Germany declares war on France ( Schlieffen Plan – attack France, via Belgium, then focus on Russia) August 4: Germany invades Belgium on way to France; Britain declares war on Germany
THE CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP
WORLD LEADERS
ALLIES / TRIPLE ENTENTE TRIPLE ALLIANCE
Canada PM Robert Borden I T A L Y Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm United States -***1917 President Woodrow Wilson Russia Czar Nicholas II France PM Georges Clemenceau Great Britain PM David Lloyd George Austria-Hungary – Emperor Franz Joseph
CANADA’S RESPONSE
CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY
=> British controlled
“If Britain = war
=>
“Ready, Aye Ready!
Canada = war”
Aug. 4 @ 8:55pm, 1914 news reached Ottawa.
Cheering crowds
‘Last Til Christmas’ / Be a ‘Hero’ Bring French & English together?????
Truce between gov’ts / Total War War Measures Act Victory Bonds / Income Tax Role of Women Conscription Crisis / Consc. Objectors
BATTLE OF YPRES
Can. Hit with Chlorine Gas => now banned 1 month = 6000 Can.
CANADIAN BATTLES
April 22 1915.
BATTLE OF THE SOMME
- July 1916 - Canadians made a name for themselves -The Allies attacked Germ. @ The Somme R. in Fr.
- Failure – Shelling did not destroy Germ defence.
- Old Tactics vs machine guns .
continued ‘Old Tactics’ despite losses -5 mo. = 13 km & 24 000 Can. lives Killed / wounded Poem “In Flanders Fields”
BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE
– 1916 - 1 st time Can troops attacked together - Can. Captured after years of attempts.
- a stunning
victory.
-3500 dead / 7 000 wounded - created a National Pride & reputation.
PASSCHENDALE
– Oct. 1917 -Gen. Currie on orders from Haig took town of Passchendale at 15 000 Can lives.
-Gained 7-8 km & Germ soon recaptured.
known for a ‘
muddy mess
.’
THE WAR ON LAND
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
Germany could not win A war on two fronts 1 . Quickly through neutral Belgium => Paris, France.
2. Turn attention on Russia 1.
2.
BASED ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS
Russia would be slow to mobilize . X Britain = neutral
X
Note – Almost worked but German General beefed up south troops the Western Front = trench warfare and became a stalemate.
THE WESTERN FRONT
TRENCH WARFARE
After the Schlieffen Plan failed the front lines never moved more than 10 miles one way or another.
Battle of Attrition No Man’s Land “Saps” – Listening Posts The German plan was now to
‘bleed
’ the enemy to death.
Trench Foot To this day bombs Are unaccounted for “Saps” Listening Posts Gas attacks Chlorine Gas
NEW TECHNOLOGY
VS.
ATTRITION ??
THE WAR IN THE AIR & AT SEA
IN THE AIR
AT SEA
The biplane was used for Reconnaissance
‘Dog Fights’
.
and Canada’s small merchant marine ferried munitions and food to Britain.
The Allies used convoys to protect goods from German U-boats.
Billy Bishop flew in Brt. Royal Flying Corps .
Credited with 72 kills => 5 = an “
ace
” Avg. life expectancy of a pilot was measured in weeks.
The German Sinking of the
Lusitania
and any other vessel in the War Zone brought the USA into the war.
THE EASTERN FRONT 1914-17
Tsar Nicholas II
in Russia was in trouble (see Russian Rev.)
Russia’s army = 40,000 deserters / mo.
He hoped WW I would ^ morale.
- WW I started well.
- Soon Russia’s backwardness would be exposed.
He was overthrown & replaced by a
Provisional Government
. They continued The war & continued to lose March 1917 The people rebelled & turned to the
Bolsheviks
to be led by
Lenin.
Peace, Land, & Bread
” Nov. 1917
THE OTHER FRONTS
Gallipoli
Britain’s goal was to attack Turkey & then proceed through A-H.
THE WAR IN ITALY
Caporetto – Early Italian efforts failed.
- High casualties.
- Hard fought victory in Sept. 1918, - A-H surrendered in Oct. 1918.
Austria Did not work & high death toll Turned attention back to West.
Front => Verdun & Somme Italy
GOAL
– Establish another front on A-H Empire
THE END OF THE WAR
TWO EVENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR 1.
2.
RUSSIA’
S “ PEACE & BREAD ”
(Russians tired of war) Czar Nicolas abdicates , provisional gov’t fails, & socialist Bolsheviks negotiate with Central Powers -> Treaty of Brest Litovsk = Truce U.S.A. ENTERS THE WAR – April2, 1917.
“Lusitania” sunk & Germ. Promised support to Mexico Lenin
RESULT
THE HUNDRED DAYS CAMPAIGN
– Allies crush Germans.
- Germ. to win Western Front before USA arrives.
-launch massive attack.
Germ. Moves troops from Eastern Front to West .
- success until USA arrived (75 km from Paris) - Central Powers Collapse -> Armistice Nov. 11, 11:00am, 1918
END OF WW I
Over 16 million deaths and 20 million wounded.
Total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Entente Powers (the Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers while the Central Powers lost about 4.0 million. 2 million died from diseases 6 million missing, presumed dead.
2/3 of military deaths in World War I were in battle.
Spanish flu , = one third of total military deaths Grand Total = 37 million.
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
SS 11 = Hi 12 =
THE BIG THREE
Clemenceau / Lloyd George / Wilson
REALISM vs. IDEALISM PM BORDEN & CANADA = AUTONOMY JAN. 1919 - CENTRAL POWERS & RUSSIA NOT INVITED Terms would be imposed REALISM vs. IDEALISM TREATY OF VERSAILLES CREATED
Be harsh Go easy Hate Germany But trade partner??
TREATY OF VERSAILLES -
Laid out terms of peace for Germany President Wilson proposed ‘
14-Point Plan’
based on forgiveness France and Belgium wanted Germany to
pay
June 28, 1919
THE TERMS
German “ War Guilt Clause ” Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion today) Unable to meet payments - Germany loses land - German army limited to 100,000 soldiers - Not allowed U-boats or an air force League of Nations formed
SELF DETERMINATION
Would become one of the most important of Wilson’s Recommendations.
The people would choose where & who to live with. => A-H Empire = Gone!!!
Europe 1914 Europe 1919 PROBLEM AREAS => WW II
-Sudeten Germans in Czech .
Poles in Czech .
-Germans in Polish Corridor -Germans in Alsace-Lorraine Serbs & Croatians
Yugoslavia
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
President Wilson’s idea Similar to today’s United Nations
Collective Security
– one country is attacked, others help defend it Britain and France not enthused about League Wanted to remain imperialistic League popular with the public Canada an independent member of League
Limitations
- Required co-operation Gutless -No military force, only economic sanctions -Americans refused to join, even though Wilson’s idea
LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT (RULES!!!!!)
A. A council to defend against external aggression B. Arbitrator for disputes .
– no war for 3 mo.s after decision C. Membership open to any self-governing state D. Mandates – Look after weaker nations and former colonies.
- success here limited. Ie. Japan ruled like a dictator.
E. International Labour Office – Wages, hours, conditions, etc.
F. World Court – 15 judges but members were to opt in???
SUCCESSES
- Controlled Danzig / Polish Corridor - 15 Yrs. In Saar Valley - Various other land disputes
THE LEAGUE’S FAILURES
JAPANESE IN MANCHURIA
(1931) - The League banned Japan from Manchuria.
- Japan entered anyways & the League ignored it.
ITALIAN INVASION OF ETHIOPIA(ABYSSINIA)
(1935) - Italy wanted to expand colony and entered Ethiopia.
- Had the League imposed harsh sanctions Italy would have left.
- Hoare-Laval Plan gave Italy most of the land.
- Proved League useless.
- Both Mussolini & Hitler used this as a test.
ISSUES TO EUROPE’S SECURITY
USA FRANCE (Revenge/Safety/Compensation)
-Due to isolationism did not join L.of Nat.
- wanted payments
GERMANY
Military was defeated but due to Wilson’s “idealism” her power / industrial might remained.
- Unhappy / Revenge???
OTHER PACTS
Locarno (1925) - secure the west Kellogg-Briand – Denounced war Disarmament Conferences Washington – 1921 London – 1930 Geneva - 1932 1.
France stood alone : USA = out, Brt = Too harsh Russia = own issues Maginot Line = Protection Rhineland = Demilitarized 2. Reparation Payments Fr. = Hurt Germ. & keep her weak USA & Brt. = pay off war debts.
Germ. could not pay Lost coal & steel in Ruhr Protested with passive resistance Massive inflation Dawes & Young Plan – help Germ.pay
3. The Maginot Line – Defence from Germany Problems: Not in Belgium, WW I technology 4. Treaties – Fr. Signed Little Entente (Czech., Romania, Yugo.) Also with Belgium & Poland.
5. All would lead to ‘ Appeasemen t’ of WW II.
FRENCH SECURITY
Sharing a border with Germany and suffering the greatest losses in WW I, France wanted to
punish
the Germans and
guarantee
their safety .
THE TREATY SATISFIED NO ONE
The French
wanted revenge, safety, compensation.
Britain
wanted repayment but to keep Germany as economic partner => Buy British!!!
United States
did not want to be involved in the affairs of Europe. => ISOLATIONISM
-Yet wanted debts paid back.
Italy
storms out of conference.
Germany
enraged at Peace done to them . Felt this was done to humiliate them. Huge Reparations - $ worthless Land taken - Unpopular Weimar