World War I

Download Report

Transcript World War I

WORLD WAR I

(AKA…… WWI, THE FIRST WORLD WAR, THE GREAT WAR, THE WAR TO END ALL WARS)

   

EUROPE IN 1914

Last major European war was

Franco-Prussian War

of 1871

Germany defeated France, won Alsace-Lorraine region of France, France bitter Germany

is a new major power in the world

 Britain & France feel threatened

In 1908, Austria-Hungary took

 

over

Bosnia and Herzegovina

.

Many inhabitants not happy; Serbia wants Bosnia to join them

NOTE

–

Turkey/Ottoman Empire

= “

The Sick-Man of Europe

”

CAUSES OF WW I



M.A.N.I.A.C.



ilitarism



lliances



ationalism



mperialism



ssassination



risis

Militarism

 Massive build-up of armed forces to deter rivals “Intimidation”  a nation’s armed forces come to dominate its national policy  a glorification of the military and war itself Military displays to Show ‘The World’ The tank redefined warfare ARMY French/German desire to be #1.

“

My army is

bigger

than your army!!!”

HMS Dreadnought Brt. #1 Navy

ALLIANCES

  Signed treaties in which each nation involved pledges to defend one another if attacked.

“Friends”

“If one goes… they all go.”

Triple Entente

: “The Allies” Britain, France, Russia 

Triple Alliance:

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy*** *** Note – In 1915 Italy joined the Allies

Nationalism –

‘ Pride in ones country’  Pride and patriotism in one’s nation, belief in national identity.

“Nations are like people: pride, jealousy, insults, revenge, do not forgive and forget.”

Irrational

– Comes from the heart!!

Austro-Hungarian Empire

controlled several Slavic nations.

- several (Bosnia) wanted out.

- Serbia wanted to include Bosnia.

- Austro-Hungarian nationalists wanted to crush the Serbs.

KEEP STATUS-QUO NEW POWER EXTREME NATIONALISM

THE BLACK HAND

– Bosnian Serbs wanting to form a ‘Greater Serbia.” REVENGE VULNERABLE A CANADIAN EXAMPLE QUEBEC Bosnia SICK MAN OF EUROPE DESIRES LEADING TO WW I (Language, laws, religion)



IMPERIALISM – ‘

Like Canada was to Britain’

Domination by one country of the political, economic, and/or cultural life of another country or region.

Due to Industrial Revolution of the 1800s, some European nations had a large portion of the world under their control.

Today’s Imperialism = Economic Empires became a show of strength.

Countries competed for colonies around the world.

Became like a game “

My Dad is Bigger Than Your Dad

”

ASSASSINATION -

June 28, 1914: - Archduke Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip) while they by a visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.

- Austria-Hungary was angry & blamed Serbia .

- The Serb gov’t was not responsible but A-H saw its chance to declare war.

Russia (also a Slavic nation) backed the Serbs & declared war on A-H.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand The ‘

Crown Prince

’ of the Austro-Hungarian Empire .

Gavrilo Princip Serbian Nationalist

       

CRISIS –

The chain of events leading up to WW I

June 28: The Assassination .

July 6: Germany offers A-H Empire “ Blank Cheque .” July 23: A-H issues Serbia ultimatum .

Assassination investigation / anti A-H supporters removed.

July 26: Russia mobilizes forces.

July 28: Break down of diplomacy / A-H declares war on Serbia August 1: Germany declares war on Russia; France mobilizes army August 3: Germany declares war on France ( Schlieffen Plan – attack France, via Belgium, then focus on Russia) August 4: Germany invades Belgium on way to France; Britain declares war on Germany

THE CHAIN OF FRIENDSHIP

WORLD LEADERS

ALLIES / TRIPLE ENTENTE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

Canada PM Robert Borden I T A L Y Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm United States -***1917 President Woodrow Wilson Russia Czar Nicholas II France PM Georges Clemenceau Great Britain PM David Lloyd George Austria-Hungary – Emperor Franz Joseph



CANADA’S RESPONSE

CANADA’S FOREIGN POLICY

 => British controlled 

“If Britain = war

  “Ready, Aye Ready!

Canada = war”

Aug. 4 @ 8:55pm, 1914 news reached Ottawa.



Cheering crowds

 ‘Last Til Christmas’ / Be a ‘Hero’  Bring French & English together?????

 Truce between gov’ts / Total War  War Measures Act  Victory Bonds / Income Tax  Role of Women Conscription Crisis / Consc. Objectors

BATTLE OF YPRES

Can. Hit with Chlorine Gas => now banned 1 month = 6000 Can.

CANADIAN BATTLES

April 22 1915.

BATTLE OF THE SOMME

- July 1916 - Canadians made a name for themselves -The Allies attacked Germ. @ The Somme R. in Fr.

- Failure – Shelling did not destroy Germ defence.

- Old Tactics vs machine guns .

continued ‘Old Tactics’ despite losses -5 mo. = 13 km & 24 000 Can. lives Killed / wounded Poem “In Flanders Fields”

BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE

– 1916 - 1 st time Can troops attacked together - Can. Captured after years of attempts.

- a stunning

victory.

-3500 dead / 7 000 wounded - created a National Pride & reputation.

PASSCHENDALE

– Oct. 1917 -Gen. Currie on orders from Haig took town of Passchendale at 15 000 Can lives.

-Gained 7-8 km & Germ soon recaptured.

known for a ‘

muddy mess

.’

THE WAR ON LAND

THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

Germany could not win A war on two fronts 1 . Quickly through neutral Belgium => Paris, France.

2. Turn attention on Russia 1.

BASED ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS

Russia would be slow to mobilize . X Britain = neutral

Note – Almost worked but German General beefed up south troops the Western Front = trench warfare and became a stalemate.

THE WESTERN FRONT

TRENCH WARFARE

After the Schlieffen Plan failed the front lines never moved more than 10 miles one way or another.

Battle of Attrition No Man’s Land “Saps” – Listening Posts The German plan was now to

‘bleed

’ the enemy to death.

Trench Foot To this day bombs Are unaccounted for “Saps” Listening Posts Gas attacks Chlorine Gas

NEW TECHNOLOGY

VS.

ATTRITION ??

THE WAR IN THE AIR & AT SEA

IN THE AIR

AT SEA

The biplane was used for Reconnaissance

‘Dog Fights’

and Canada’s small merchant marine ferried munitions and food to Britain.

The Allies used convoys to protect goods from German U-boats.

Billy Bishop flew in Brt. Royal Flying Corps .

Credited with 72 kills => 5 = an “

ace

” Avg. life expectancy of a pilot was measured in weeks.

The German Sinking of the

Lusitania

and any other vessel in the War Zone brought the USA into the war.

THE EASTERN FRONT 1914-17

Tsar Nicholas II

in Russia was in trouble (see Russian Rev.)

Russia’s army = 40,000 deserters / mo.

He hoped WW I would ^ morale.

- WW I started well.

- Soon Russia’s backwardness would be exposed.

He was overthrown & replaced by a

Provisional Government

. They continued The war & continued to lose March 1917 The people rebelled & turned to the

Bolsheviks

to be led by

Lenin.

Peace, Land, & Bread

” Nov. 1917

THE OTHER FRONTS

Gallipoli

Britain’s goal was to attack Turkey & then proceed through A-H.

THE WAR IN ITALY

Caporetto – Early Italian efforts failed.

- High casualties.

- Hard fought victory in Sept. 1918, - A-H surrendered in Oct. 1918.

Austria Did not work & high death toll Turned attention back to West.

Front => Verdun & Somme Italy

GOAL

– Establish another front on A-H Empire

THE END OF THE WAR

TWO EVENTS THAT CHANGED THE WAR 1.

RUSSIA’

S “ PEACE & BREAD ”

(Russians tired of war) Czar Nicolas abdicates , provisional gov’t fails, & socialist Bolsheviks negotiate with Central Powers -> Treaty of Brest Litovsk = Truce U.S.A. ENTERS THE WAR – April2, 1917.

“Lusitania” sunk & Germ. Promised support to Mexico Lenin

RESULT

THE HUNDRED DAYS CAMPAIGN

– Allies crush Germans.

- Germ. to win Western Front before USA arrives.

-launch massive attack.

Germ. Moves troops from Eastern Front to West .

- success until USA arrived (75 km from Paris) - Central Powers Collapse -> Armistice Nov. 11, 11:00am, 1918

END OF WW I

Over 16 million deaths and 20 million wounded.

Total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Entente Powers (the Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers while the Central Powers lost about 4.0 million. 2 million died from diseases 6 million missing, presumed dead.

2/3 of military deaths in World War I were in battle.

Spanish flu , = one third of total military deaths Grand Total = 37 million.

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

SS 11 = Hi 12 =

THE BIG THREE

Clemenceau / Lloyd George / Wilson

REALISM vs. IDEALISM PM BORDEN & CANADA = AUTONOMY JAN. 1919 - CENTRAL POWERS & RUSSIA NOT INVITED Terms would be imposed REALISM vs. IDEALISM TREATY OF VERSAILLES CREATED

Be harsh Go easy Hate Germany But trade partner??

  

TREATY OF VERSAILLES -

Laid out terms of peace for Germany President Wilson proposed ‘

14-Point Plan’

based on forgiveness France and Belgium wanted Germany to

pay

June 28, 1919

THE TERMS

German “ War Guilt Clause ” Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion today) Unable to meet payments - Germany loses land - German army limited to 100,000 soldiers - Not allowed U-boats or an air force League of Nations formed

SELF DETERMINATION

Would become one of the most important of Wilson’s Recommendations.

The people would choose where & who to live with. => A-H Empire = Gone!!!

Europe 1914 Europe 1919 PROBLEM AREAS => WW II

-Sudeten Germans in Czech .

Poles in Czech .

-Germans in Polish Corridor -Germans in Alsace-Lorraine Serbs & Croatians

Yugoslavia

    

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

President Wilson’s idea Similar to today’s United Nations

Collective Security

– one country is attacked, others help defend it Britain and France not enthused about League  Wanted to remain imperialistic  League popular with the public Canada an independent member of League

Limitations

- Required co-operation Gutless -No military force, only economic sanctions -Americans refused to join, even though Wilson’s idea

LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT (RULES!!!!!)

A. A council to defend against external aggression B. Arbitrator for disputes .

– no war for 3 mo.s after decision C. Membership open to any self-governing state D. Mandates – Look after weaker nations and former colonies.

- success here limited. Ie. Japan ruled like a dictator.

E. International Labour Office – Wages, hours, conditions, etc.

F. World Court – 15 judges but members were to opt in???

SUCCESSES

- Controlled Danzig / Polish Corridor - 15 Yrs. In Saar Valley - Various other land disputes

THE LEAGUE’S FAILURES

JAPANESE IN MANCHURIA

(1931) - The League banned Japan from Manchuria.

- Japan entered anyways & the League ignored it.

ITALIAN INVASION OF ETHIOPIA(ABYSSINIA)

(1935) - Italy wanted to expand colony and entered Ethiopia.

- Had the League imposed harsh sanctions Italy would have left.

- Hoare-Laval Plan gave Italy most of the land.

- Proved League useless.

- Both Mussolini & Hitler used this as a test.

ISSUES TO EUROPE’S SECURITY

USA FRANCE (Revenge/Safety/Compensation)

-Due to isolationism did not join L.of Nat.

- wanted payments

GERMANY

Military was defeated but due to Wilson’s “idealism” her power / industrial might remained.

- Unhappy / Revenge???

OTHER PACTS

Locarno (1925) - secure the west Kellogg-Briand – Denounced war Disarmament Conferences Washington – 1921 London – 1930 Geneva - 1932 1.

France stood alone : USA = out, Brt = Too harsh Russia = own issues Maginot Line = Protection Rhineland = Demilitarized 2. Reparation Payments Fr. = Hurt Germ. & keep her weak USA & Brt. = pay off war debts.

Germ. could not pay Lost coal & steel in Ruhr Protested with passive resistance Massive inflation Dawes & Young Plan – help Germ.pay

3. The Maginot Line – Defence from Germany Problems: Not in Belgium, WW I technology 4. Treaties – Fr. Signed Little Entente (Czech., Romania, Yugo.) Also with Belgium & Poland.

5. All would lead to ‘ Appeasemen t’ of WW II.

FRENCH SECURITY

Sharing a border with Germany and suffering the greatest losses in WW I, France wanted to

punish

the Germans and

guarantee

their safety .

THE TREATY SATISFIED NO ONE