Transcript Insect Orders (new) - in blue

Entomology 462
Orders of Insects
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.
The “BugDoc”
The Ohio State University,
OARDC & OSU Extension
Columbus, OH
Revised: September, 2007 - DJS
Class Hexapoda
(the insects)
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Three tagmata – head, thorax,
abdomen
Thorax with three pairs of legs;
normally two pairs of wings in adult
stage
Head with one pair of antennae
Respiration by trachea
Terrestrial & fresh water inhabitants
Class Hexapoda
(all have one pair of antennae, a head, thorax &
abdominal regions, three pair of legs, adults usually
have wings, use trachea)
Life Cycle Groups
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Simple Metamorphosis (=incomplete)
- egg, nymph, adult stages
Complete Metamorphosis - egg,
larva, pupa, adult stages
Incomplete Metamorphosis Example
(hairy chinch bug)
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
3rd
instar
Nymphal
Stage
4th
instar
5th
instar
adult
Adult
Stage
Incomplete Metamorphosis Example
(hairy chinch bug)
egg
1st
instar
Egg
Stage
2nd
instar
3rd
instar
4th
instar
Nymphal
Stage
5th
instar
normal wing
adult
short wing
adult
Adult
Stage
Complete Metamorphosis Example
(May/June beetle)
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
Larval
Stage
3rd
instar
pupa
Pupal
Stage
adult
Adult
Stage
Complete Metamorphosis Example
(northern masked chafer)
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
Larval
Stage
3rd
instar
pupa
Pupal
Stage
adult
Adult
Stage
Hexapod Orders
Entognathous Hexapods –
(simple metamorphosis cont’d)
Order Protura
Order Mantodea
Order Collembola
Order Blattodea
Order Diplura
Order Hemiptera
Ectognathous apterygote Hexapods –
Order Thysanoptera
Order Microcoryphia
Order Psocoptera
Order Thysanura
Order Phthiraptera
Pterygote Hexapods –
(simple metamorphosis)
(complete metamorphosis)
Order Coleoptera
Order Ephemeroptera
Order Neuroptera
Order Odonata
Order Hymenoptera
Order Orthoptera
Order Trichoptera
Order Phasmatodea
Order Lepidoptera
Order Dermaptera
Order Siphonaptera
Order Plecoptera
Order Diptera
Order Isoptera
Orders of Insects
(no metamorphosis)
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Some consider these groups
insect-like and place in different
class or subclass.
Adults do not have wings and
may molt after becoming mature
Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats
Collembola - springtails
Thysanura
(silverfish, firebrats; 0.4K spp.)
[no wings as adults, 2-3 caudal appendages (two cerci and
sometimes central telson); adults may continue to molt]
Collembola
(springtails; >6K spp.)
[no wings as adults, caudal appendage designed for jumping
(furcula & colliphore); adults may molt]
Orders of Insects
(simple metamorphosis)
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Ephemeroptera - mayflies, shadflies
Odonata - dragonflies, damselflies
Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets,
katydids
Dermaptera – earwigs
Plecoptera - stoneflies
Isoptera - termites
Ephemeroptera
(Mayflies, shadflies, Canadian soldiers; 2K spp.)
[front wings large, triangular, held over body at rest;
hind wings small or absent; aquatic nymphs with
abdominal gills; caudal appendages (2 or 3) long;
chewing mouthparts often non-functional in adult]
Odonata
(dragonflies and damselflies; 5K spp.)
[front and hind wings narrow with many cross veins,
membranous; aquatic nymphs (naiads) predatory with
caudal or rectal gills; antennae bristlelike, no abdominal
cerci; chewing mouthparts]
Orthoptera
(grasshoppers, crickets, Katydids;
>20K spp.)
[front wings leathery, hind wings folded like a fan, chewing
mouthparts, two cerci - usually short]
Dermaptera
(earwigs; 1.8K spp.)
[front wings short, leathery; hind wings double folded;
abdominal cerci forceps-like; chewing mouthparts]
Seashore earwig adult
European earwig with eggs
Plecoptera
(stoneflies; 2K spp.)
[front wings narrow; hind wings folded fanlike; aquatic
nymphs (naiads) with abdominal gills; abdominal cerci
straight, moderately long; chewing mouthparts]
Isoptera
(termites; >2.3K spp.)
[social insects, winged reproductives with both wings same
size and membranous; straight or curved antennae consists
of beadlike segments; abdomen broadly joined to thorax;
one to two-segmented cerci; chewing mouthparts]
Orders of Insects
(incomplete metamorphosis cont’d)
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Mantoidea – mantids
Blattodea – cockroaches
Hemiptera - true bugs & bug-like
insects
Thysanoptera - thrips
Psocoptera - barklice, booklice
Phthiraptera - biting & sucking lice
Mantodea
(mantids, praying mantis; ~1.8K spp.)
[front legs raptorial (modified for grasping), prothroax
elongated, chewing mouthparts, two short cerci]
Blattodea
(cockroaches; <4K spp.)
[body flattened and oval, front wings leathery, hind wings
folded like a fan, chewing mouthparts, two short cerci]
Hemiptera (s.o. Heteroptera)
(true bugs; 23K spp.)
[front wings half leathery & half membranous; hind
wings membranous; usually long antennae; sucking
mouthparts arise from front of head]
Hemiptera (s.o. Auchenorrhyncha)
(buglike insects: cicadas, leaf, plant & tree hoppers;
33K spp.)
[front wings same texture throughout, leathery or membranous
(wings often absent); long or bristlelike antennae; sucking
mouthparts arise from back of head or between front legs]
Hemiptera (s.o. Sternorrhyncha)
(buglike insects: psyllids, whiteflies, aphids,
mealybugs, & scales)
Thysanoptera
(thrips; 4.5K spp.)
[small; front and hind wings bladelike with hair fringe,
often absent; mouthparts modified rasping sucking;
antennae short]
Psocoptera
(psocids, booklice, barklice; >3K spp.)
[front wings with reduced venation; hind wings
reduced or absent; wings often absent; distinctive
frontal bulge on head; long antennae; chewing
mouthparts; booklice are extremely flattened]
Phthiraptera (Mallophaga)
(biting lice; 2.7K spp.)
[very flat, small; no wings; chewing mouthparts;
external parasites of birds and mammals]
Chicken biting louse
Phthiraptera (Anoplura)
(sucking lice; 0.3K spp.)
[small, flattened; no wings; sucking mouthparts;
external parasites of mammals]
Human head louse
Human crab louse
Orders of Insects
(complete metamorphosis)
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Coleoptera – beetles
Neuroptera - dobsonfly, lacewings
Hymenoptera - sawflies , bees,
wasps
Tricoptera - caddisflies
Lepidoptera - butterflies & moths
Siphonaptera - fleas
Diptera - gnats, mosquitoes, flies
Coleoptera
(beetles & weevils; >300K spp.)
[front wings shelllike, usually covering abdomen; hind
wings membranous, folded under forewings; antennae
variable, but evident; chewing mouthparts; larvae
variously shaped - elongate, grublike, etc.]
Ground beetle
Passalid beetle
Ground
beetle larva
Coleoptera
(beetles & weevils; >300K spp.)
Lady beetle
Rove beetle
May/June
beetle
Bluegrass billbug adult & larva
Neuroptera
(dobsonfly, lacewings, antlions; 5.5K spp.)
[two pair wings with numerous veins, elongate larvae with
elongate mandibles, larvae & adults usually predatory]
Green
lacewing
adult
Larva
Eggs
Cocoon
Hymenoptera
(bees, wasps, sawflies; 115K spp.)
[front wings large, hind wings smaller, both membraneous;
chewing mouthparts; some with stings - modified
ovipositors; larvae caterpillar-like, sawflies; or maggot-like]
Redheaded pine sawfly
adult, larvae, & pupae
Hymenoptera
(bees, wasps, sawflies; 115K spp.)
Aphid wasp
parasitizing
aphid
Yellowjacket wasp
Ichneumonid
wasp attacking
wood-boring
larva
Acrobat ants
Trichoptera
(caddisflies; >7K spp.)
[mothlike adults but no scales on wings; front wings
narrow, often covered with hairs; larvae caterpillar-like
and aquatic]
Lepidoptera
(butterflies, moths, caterpillars; 150K spp.)
[front and hind wings generally covered with scales;
adult mouthparts a sucking tube, larvae have chewing
mouthparts and prolegs on abdomen]
Red admiral butterfly
Cranberry
girdler moth
Luna moth
Lepidoptera
(butterflies, moths, caterpillars; 150K spp.)
Fiery skipper butterfly – adult, egg, larva & pupa in cocoon
Siphonaptera
(fleas; 2.4K spp.)
[wingless, extoparasitic adults; laterally compressed;
jumping hind legs; larvae have chewing mouthparts
and resemble midge larvae]
Cat flea adult and larva
Diptera
(flies, midges, mosquitoes; >150K spp.)
[front wings membranous; hind wings reduced to
small balance organ - haltere; mouthparts piercingsucking or sponging sucking; larvae wireworm shaped
or maggots with chewing or rasping mouthparts]
Mosquito
House fly
Moth fly
Diptera
(flies, midges, mosquitoes; >150K spp.)
Fruit fly
Hover fly adult (on flower), eggs near aphids and larva eating aphids