Transcript Document

Reproduction: Female
Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Misericordia University
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Female Reproduction
Gonad: Ovary
Gametes: Ova
Duct System:
Transport ovum from ovary to uterus
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Site of fertilization;
Receive and transport sperm to ovum
Capacitate sperm
House and support fetus
Deliver fetus
• Supporting Structures
– Sensory and protective functions
Female Anatomy
(oviduct or Fallopian tube)
Vulva
Oogenesis
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* First polar body may not divide to form others.
Development of Ovum and Follicle
Developing follicles
Ovulation
Ovulated Ovum
Secondary oocyte
Zona Pellucida
Corona Radiata
Oviduct (Uterine or Fallopian tube)
Ampulla
Isthmus
Oviducts: Anatomy
Functions: transportation of ovum, sperm and zygote
-capacitation of sperm
-site of fertilization
Oviduct: three layers
mucosa –composed of ciliated simple columnar epithelium
muscularis -smooth muscle layer, undergoes peristaltic and
segmentation contractions
serosa –same as visceral peritoneum
Uterus: houses and supports fetus
Uterine Layers
Perimetrium
Layers of Endometrium
Functional Zone (stratum functionalis)
-contains endometrial glands and spiral
arteries
-is shed each month
Basilar Zone (stratum basale)
-regenerative layer that creates functional
zone
Female External Genitalia
(Vulva)
Vaginal lining
Female Hormones
• Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
• Anterior Pituitary secretes FSH
and LH
• Theca cells of ovary secrete
estrogens
• Granulosa cells secrete inhibin
• Luteal cells (modified granulosa
cells) secrete progesterone
Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
• Arousal
Female Sexual Response
– Triggered by:
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Touching of genital skin and other areas of skin
Mechanical stimulation of pressure receptors in clitoris
Erotic sights, sounds, and smells
Thoughts and memories
– Increased myotonia throughout body, BP, breathing and HR
– Sexual stimulation leads to accumulation of blood in vaginal tissues, labia
minora, clitoris, and breasts (including areola and nipple)
– Vestibular glands secrete lubricating fluid into vestibule and mucous is
secreted into vagina
– The vagina may expand its width and some of its length
• Plateau
– Increased swelling of vagina and labia minora, and become more sensitive
– Clitoris may withdraw into its hood (prepuce)
• Orgasm
– Pleasurable rhythmic contractions of uterus, vagina and clitoris
– Followed by relaxation but no refractory period
Development of Reproductive System
• Gonads of embryo are sexually indistinguishable
• Two sets of ducts present: Mullerian (female) and
Wolfian (male)
• Female pattern will develop as default
• If XY, then testes develop and secrete testosterone
• Testosterone stimulates growth of male pattern
and degeneration of female pattern
Internal Genital
Development
• Both Wolfian and
Mullerian ducts form
• With advent of functional
testis and testosterone
secretion; Wolfian ducts
stimulated to develop;
Mullerian ducts inhibited
by AMH
• Without functioning
testes, Wolfian ducts
degenerate and Mullerian
ducts develop female
pattern
External Genitalia Development
Reproductive Development
• Much of the system’s development occurs
after birth –during adolescence
• Generation of functional sex cells and
secondary characteristics dependent on fully
functional gonads in both sexes
Menopause
• Cessation of reproductive function with age
• Occurs only in women (men slow down function
but do not cease unless pathology occurs)
• Women see steep decline in pituitary and ovarian
hormone production that eventually stops both
ovarian and uterine cycles
• Woman said to complete menopause after one
year without menses
STDs –sexually transmitted diseases
• Syphilis –bacterial (Treponema)
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Invades mucosae and abraded skin, can be transmitted at birth
Incubation period from 2-3 weeks, then primary chancre develops
This heals in a week, several weeks later the secondary lesion develops
The secondary lesion (skin rash) disappears in 3-12 weeks
Tertiary lesion (gummas) completely destructive lesions may erupt
Treatable with penicillin
STDs –sexually transmitted diseases
• Gonorrhea
– Bacterial (Nisseria)
– Commonly called“the Clap”
– Infects mucosa layers, spreads by
contact with genital, anal or oropharyngeal mucosae
– Symptoms vary but can include
urethritis, whitish discharge,
abnormal bleeding, sterility
– Treatable with antibiotics
– New strains have developed that are
resistant to antibiotics
STDs –sexually transmitted diseases
• Warts –viral, human papillomavirus (HPV)
– Increases risk of certain cancers (penile,
vaginal, cervical, and anal)
– Treatment is difficult
STDs –sexually transmitted diseases
• Herpes –viral (herpes simplex 2 and
others)
– long incubation period (weeks to years)
– Flares up as painful, itchy blister like
lesions
– Secretions from lesions are infectious
– Little threat to individual (though linked
with cancers)
– Definite threat to fetus, triggering severe
malformations
– New antiviral drugs helpful, but no cure
– Remain infected for life
STDs –sexually transmitted diseases
• Chlamydia –bacterial
– most common STD in US (4-5 million infected)
– women may be asymptomatic
– Incubation period is one week
– Symptoms: urethritis, painful urination, discharge, painful sex,
abdominal pain, and sterility
– Can infect fetus causing eye and respiratory infections
– Treatable with antibiotics
•Pubic Lice (pediculosis)–arthropod
(“Crabs”)
–Caused by Phthirus pubis, itching and small
pale blue spots present
–Lives principally in hair of pubic region (but
may inhabit facial hair), acquired through sexual
relations, contaminated clothing, bedding or toilet
seats
STDs –sexually transmitted diseases
• AIDS –viral (HIV), an RNA retrovirus
– Transmitted by exchange of infected cells between hosts
– Only antibody test available to determine exposure
– Incubations period measured in months to years (8-10 in
some cases)
– Symptoms: severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen
lymph nodes, increase infections and cancer rates
– 100% fatal, 30 million infect worldwide
– Leading cause of death in Americans 25-44 years of age
Contraception
Methods