Transcript Sexually Transmitted Diseases
UNIT 4 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
5/1/2020 Sexually transmitted diseases can be physically and emotionally devastating for women, so information about the prevention, signs, symptoms, and treatment of these diseases is imperative.
PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 1
CHLAMYDIA
Most common STD in the U.S.
Females outnumber males 6 to 1 Now can be reported Bacteria chlamydia trachomatis Cervix is site of infection caused by SI Most women are asymptomatic until the pain and fever from PID occur If symptomatic - discharge, painful urination, lower abdominal pain, bleeding, fever and nausea Complications include; cervicitis, infertility, chronic pain, salpingitis, ectopic pregnancies, stillbirths, reactive arthritis, Antibiotics are used for treatment either 7 day or a single dose Despite better screening procedures, treatment compliance is difficult to ensure 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 2
GONORRHEA
Mucus membranes affected include: vagina, cervix, anus, throat, eyes Bacteria neisseria gonorrhea organism attacks cervix as first site of infection Symptoms are thick discharge, burning urination, SI, BMs, and severe menstrual or abdominal cramps 10 to 40 percent women develop PID Couples must abstain for effective healing Antibiotics are used for treatment Untreated gonorrhea can result in arthritis, dermatitis, and tenosynivitis 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 3
SYPHILIS
Spreads throughout the body within hours of infection Caused by bacteria treponema pallidum Transmitted primarily through SI but also from infected mother to fetus Appearance of red or brown painless sore on mouth, fingers, reproductive organs in primary syphilis Appearance of rash on palms, soles, looks like eczema, psoriasis, measles or sunburn and flu like symptoms or mononucleosis in
secondary syphilis
Destructive lesions, organ destruction, meningitis, and linkage to HIV because open sores remove the virus barrier and carry mononuclear cells that easily draw HIV in tertiary syphilis phase Penicillin therapy used for treatment 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 4
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
One of a family of common viruses including varicella zoster virus(chicken pox and shingles) and Epstein Barr (mononucleosis) Contagious viral infection that spreads from direct skin to skin contact of two infected partners, particularly in the oral and genital areas HSV-1 in form of cold sores, fever blisters, primarily around the mouth affects @ 80 % of all adults HSV-2 genital herpes infects 1 in 6 adults 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 5
HSV 2
Symptoms vary from one individual to another Active phase may include itching, burning, swelling, and flu like symptoms Appearance of small painful blisters on genitals rupture, crust over and heal Virus travels down nerve to ganglia near spine & remains dormant until another outbreak and virus travels up nerve to skin Control efforts for HSV 2 are difficult because 75% are unaware they are infected There is no cure for HSV2, the drug acyclovir is prescribed for minimizing the discomfort Sexual activity should be avoided when sores are active 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 6
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
HPV refers to a group of over 70 different types of viruses 1/3 of which cause genital problems Found in @40% of sexually active women in there 20’s A small percentage develop genital warts which can lead to a precancerous condition that shows on an abnormal Pap Genital warts or condyloma are usually spread by direct contact on vaginal and/or anal areas Warts remain undetected when located inside vagina, cervix or anus 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY 7 TRANSMITTED DISEASES
HPV
Warts can be small to large, raised to flat, or single to clustered There is no cure for HPV although lesions can be removed Methods include: cryotherapy, chemicals, and laser therapy HPV is associated with cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia Early detection reduces mortality Also linked to cancers of the oral cavity etc.
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HEPATITIS B VIRUS
Viral infection causing inflammation of the liver Transmission is similar to HIV Through bloodborne pathogens, unprotected SI, Tattoos, ear piercings,nonmedication injections of vitamins, minerals, or steroids and acupuncture HBV is more easily transmitted than HIV and is 100Xs more contagious Nearly 95 % of persons with HBV recover Vaccination for HBV recommended for college age students and allied health personnel 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 9
HBV
Persons at highest risk
for contacting HBV include: Hemodialysis patients Injectable drug users Health care workers Infants born to HBV infected mothers Gay men Sexually active heterosexuals In groups: Alaska natives Pacific Islanders 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES Asians International travelers to high incidence areas Recognizing risk factors for HBV is important More that 1/3 of adults with HBV have no risk factors Hepatitis virus is present in all body fluids Severe HBV includes jaundice and may result in prolonged illness or death 10
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
PID is one of the most severe outcomes of STD infections It is an infection of the upper portion of the female reproductive tract beyond cervix Symptoms include: severe pelvic pain, high fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, spotting and discharge One million are diagnosed each year and @ 150,000 will become infertile Nearly 250,000 require hospitalization and antibiotics Invasive procedures are complex for correct diagnosis 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 11
PID
More women are being treated on an outpatient basis aged 15-44 Better screening for chlamydia PID is diagnosed through a pelvic exam, analysis of cervical or vaginal secretions Treatment includes antibiotics, rest and sexual abstinence Surgery may be required to remove any scars or abscesses or to repair injured reproductive organs 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 12
LOCALIZED PID
Salpingitis- infection of the fallopian tubes Oophoritis - infection of the ovaries Peritonitis - infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity Endometritis - infection of the lining of the uterus Myometritis - infection of the muscular layers of the uterus 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 13
VAGINITIS
One in ten women who visit wheir health-care provider complain about vaginal discharge Over 90% of vaginitis is classified as: Trichomoniasis-caused by 1 celled protozoa Bacterial vaginosis Candidiasis - yeast , fungus infection, monila usually not sexually transmitted 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 14
SYMPTOMS OF BV
Affect women with multiple sex partners Discharge is white and ordorus Associated with; Cervicitis, PID Postpartum endometritis Premature labor Recurring urinary tract infections Treatment is 7-day antibiotic regimen or single dose 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 15
TRICHOMONIASIS
One celled parasite Found in both men and women Remains dormant in asymptomatic women Causes vaginal irritation, itching, and diffuse malodorous discharge in symptomatic women Women may see red spots on the vaginal walls Strawberry uterus Most men are a symptomatic Both partners must be treated with antibiotics 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 16
CANDIDIASIS
Not a sexually transmitted disease Candida is the term for a single celled fungus which causes the yeast infection Symptoms include itching, discharge, burning, or irritation Pregnant women commonly experience yeast infections Factors most often associated with repeat infections: diabetes, obesity, suppressed immunity, antibiotics, corticosteroids, or birth control pills 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 17
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
AIDS is the third leading cause of death among all women between 15-44 Worldwide, women constitute @40% of all HIV positive cases The majority of women who contract AIDS are heterosexual, injecting drug users, hemophiliacs, World Health Org. estimated that more women than men will contract AIDS by 2000 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 18
DEFINING HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus HIV is the organism that causes AIDS Majority of AIDS victims will die The abnormal state of the immune system is not capable of properly fighting foreign invaders- less than 200 T-lymphocytes AIDS includes pulmonary TB, recurrent pneumonia, and invasive cervical cancer 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 19
CONTRACTING AIDS
HIV is carried from one person to another through blood, semen and vaginal secretions Transmitted through: sexual contact Sharing injecting drug needles From infected mother to infant during childbirth Anyone receiving a blood transfusion after 1985 is virtually free from HIV transmission HIV is not transmitted through causal contact, tears or saliva Women are facing an ever increasing risk from contact with bisexual or heterosexual men 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 20
SYMPTOMS OF HIV
Symptoms of AIDS may be similar to other diseases Difference is that they take longer to disappear and or may recur Common early symptoms include: Night sweats Rapid weight loss without diet or exercise Diarrhea lasting longer than several weeks Thick white spots coating the mouth A dry cough and shortness of breath Purple bumps on skin, in mouth, and rectum 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 21
DIAGNOSIS OF HIV
Two tests are used for diagnosis: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay E L I S A test- a general screening with a high sensitivity Western blot test, a less sensitive, more expensive but more specific test for the HIV antibody A women must wait @ a month from the time of suspected exposure before getting tested It takes @ 45 days between exposure and body’s building enough antibodies for detection Experts recommend two sets of tests @ 6 months apart 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 22
TESTING PROCEDURES
If a person tests positive for the HIV antibody with the ELISA test, a second ELISA test is conducted on the same person If the second test is positive, the Western blot test is conducted If the Western blot test is positive, the person is said to be HIV-positive Nearly 90% of the low- risk persons who test positive on the ELISA test will test negative on the Western blot - results take @ a week for reporting 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 23
HOME HIV TESTS
FDA approved home HIV tests Center on disease control, CDC, estimates that nearly 60% of Americans at risk have not been tested Reasons for not testing include lack of anonymity and potential loss of health insurance benefits These tests may encourage people at risk to seek testing Early detection leads to early treatment The test kits are available through pharmacies nationwide 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 24
TREATMENT OF HIV
Drug treatment typically focuses on reducing the virus or reinforcing the immune system Combinations of drugs are often used to impact the HIV virus at its various stages The virus is minimized in many different ways 25 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
HIV AND CHILDREN
Cases of HIV in young children continue to rise as the rate of infection among heterosexual women of childbearing age rises All HIV positive pregnant women in the study were administered AZT as well as their infants for the first 6 weeks after birth Determining an infant’s HIV status after birth is difficult because a mother’s antibodies may remain in the infant’s system for several months 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 26
PREVENTION STRAGETIES
Sexual abstinence is the only 100% effective method to prevent sexually transmitted diseases Monogamy reduces the number of sexual partners over one’s lifetime Choosing a partner who has had fewer sexual partners Male condoms are one of the most effective methods for preventing STD’s 5/1/2020 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES 27