Transcript Sustainability, Infrastructure and Urban Form

IBIS 2002 ANNUAL MEETING
Sustainability, Infrastructure
and Urban Form
Ricardo Toledo Silva
INFURB - USP
Sustainability, Infrastructure and Urban Form
• Infrastructure networks as particular vectors
of economic and social development in
urban / metropolitan areas
• Does a new regionalism emerge in Latin
American countries?
– Questions on regionalism and urban form
– Extra-local organization and their possible
outcomes on urban planning and design.
Infrastructure and social development
• The logic of spaces versus the logic of
functions
• Institutional frameworks of the public
infrastructure
• The gap between institutional formulations
and the material form of the networks
• Sustainability and non structural measures
on infrastructure development
RMSP and Alto Tietê Basin
RMSP - urban water supply
Infrastructure and social development
• Institutional frameworks of the public
infrastructure
– public services as a social right
– networked services as an economic activity
• The gap between institutional formulations
and the material form of the networks
– the inextricable integration of supplies
– limitations of sector based regulation
Infrastructure and social development
• Sustainability and non structural measures
on infrastructure development
– demand side management - in search of a
relative growth of supplies
– practical measures of integrated management
•
•
•
•
source pollution control (SP water catchment)
urban drainage and restrictive flows
interactive water and urban planning
integrated measures on water conservation
The water catchment areas
RMSP - urban growth 1980-91
RMSP - urban growth 1991-96
RMSP - urban growth 96-2000
RMSP - urban poverty 1991
7.443km
7.413km
7.383km
0Km
7.363km
R e n d a e m S a lá rio s M in im o s
6 5 a 8 0, 2
5 5 a6 5
4 5 a5 5
2 5 a4 5
1 0, 1 a 2 5
7.333km
260 km
290 km
320 km
350 km
380 km
(2 4 )
(3 4 )
(3 8 )
(5 0 )
(1 4 )
410 km
440 km
RMSP - urban poverty 2000
RMSP - sewer coverage 2000
Arujá
Francisco Morato
Pirapora
Cantareira
Guarulhos
Pirituba
Santana
S Miguel
Penha
Barueri
Lapa
U
Cotia
Pinh
Guaianazes
Se
Osasco
Tatuapé
Paul
Mogi das Cruzes
Itaquera
Ipiranga
S Mateus
Taboao
Jabaq
S Amaro
S Caetano
S André
Mauá
Diadema S Bernardo
Ribeirão Pires
Rio Grande da Serra
Riacho Grande
Parelheiros
5
CsD
0
10
20 km
COBERTURA DA REDE DE ESGOTO
Curucutu
99 < (%)
94 -- 99
87 -- 94
76 -- 87
52 -- 76
(%) < 52
Csaba Deák
RMSP 2000 (% dos domicílios)
Juquitiba
Alto Tiete territorial division
Francisco Morato
Franco da Rocha
Jordanésia
Cajamar
Santa Isabel
Mairiporã
Caieiras
Pirapora do Bom Jesus
Aruja
Guarulhos
Perus
Polvilho
Anhanguera
Tremembé
Brasilândia
Santana de Parnaiba
Jardim Presidente Dutra
Guararema
Jaçana
Itaquaquecetuba
Sabauna
Mogi das Cruzes
Cangaiba
Casa Verde
Jardim Belval
Jaguara
Vila Maria Ponte Rasa Vila Curuça Boa Vista Paulista
César de Souza
Barra Funda
Aldeia de Barueri
Poa
Artur Alvim
Belem
Sé
Alto de Pinheiros
Guaianazes
Itapevi
Agua Rasa Cidade Lider
Butantã
Aldeia de Carapicuiba
Bras Cubas
Cidade Tiradentes
Ipiranga
Raposo Tavares Itaim Bibi
Sapopemba
Iguatemi
Campo Limpo Campo Belo
Vargem Grande Paulista
Capuava
Embu
Jabaquara
Jardim Santa Luzia
Cotia
Biritiba-Ussu
Campo Grande
Ouro Fino Paulista
Santo André
Taiacupeba
Diadema
Pirituba
Barueri
Caucaia do Alto
Itapecerica da Serra
Ribeirão Pires
Cidade Dutra
Paranapiacaba
Grajau
Parelheiros
São Lourenço da Serra
Juquitiba
Cipo-Guaçu
Riacho Grande
Marsilac
Nossa Senhora do Remédio
Salesopolis
Biritiba Mirim
A view of eastern upstream
Billings reservoir detail (S)
Downstream depletion (W)
Elements of correlation
(concentrated pollution)
Fonte
Unidade
Fósforo
Total
DBO
2
0,039
1,197
2
0,028
1,064
2
0,050
2,250
2
0,034
5,535
2
0,135
11,070
2
Mata / Capoeirão
kg/km . dia
Capoeira / Campo
kg/km . dia
Chácaras
kg/km . Dia
Áreas Urbanas – Padrão Superior
kg/km . Dia
Áreas Urbanas – Padrão Inferior
kg/km . Dia
Áreas de Uso Industrial e Comercial
kg/km . Dia
0,081
7,749
População com lançamento direto de
esgotos nos corpos de água
kg/hab.dia
0,00093
0,03542
População de áreas urbanizadas com
sistema individual de diposição de
esgotos – Alta Densidade
kg/hab.dia
0,00079
0,03365
População de áreas urbanizadas com
sistema individual de diposição de
esgotos – Baixa Densidade
kg/hab.dia
0,00060
0,01771
Urban density and drainage
65
Impermeabilidade (%)
55
45
35
Tucci et al
25
São Paulo
Curitiba
15
Porto Alegre
Curva Média
5
0
50
100
150
Densidade Populacional (hab/ha)
200
250
Urban standards and drainage
Tipo
Parâmetros
hab/Ha
Habitacional unifamiliar
(Z1)
Habitacional unifamiliar
adensado (condomínio)
Habitacional vertical
(CA=2)
Habitacional vertical
(CA=4)
Lote 600m2, 4,0 hab. /un.
53
CI
(%)
10
Lote de 250 m2, 3,75 hab./un.
120
55
Unidade de 80m2 constr., 3,75 hab. /
unidade
Unidade de 80m2 constr., 3,75 hab. /
unidade
750
65
1500
65
A new regionalism?
• Brief review on recent regionalism (USA)
• Urban form and regional development in
Latin American urban concentrations
• Possible (new) requirements of
metropolitan regionalism in Latin America
Restructuring and rescaling metropolitan
regionalism in the USA (Brenner 2002)
– The spatial reconstitution of urban form
• Deconcentration of central areas and reconcentration of
metropolitan settlement spaces and production complexes
– Global economic restructuring
• The globalization, (re) territorialization and localization of
various fractions of capital
– Neoliberal state restructuring
• The “destructuring” and reconstitution of state policies
coupled with the upscaling and downscaling of state
functions
The spatial reconstitution of urban form
• The rise of hedge city and the ‘exopolis’
• Intensified metropolitan jurisdictional fragmentation
• Continued population dispersal and industrial
deconcentration
• The ‘spreading’ of urban problems into suburban areas
• Urban sprawl
• Spatial mismatch between public resources and social needs
• Increased spatial concentration of poverty and minority
population in city cores
• Severe traffic congestion
• Environmental destruction
Global economic restructuring
• Processes of de- and re-industrialization and the shift
towards ‘lean production’
• Intensified inter-urban competition for mobile capital
investment at regional, national, continental and global
scales
• Capital flight, unemployment and derelict industrial sites
• Deskilling of local labor supplies
• Decay of local industrial infrastructure
• Enhanced local fiscal constraints and declining tax
revenues from locally collected taxes
Neoliberal state restructuring
• Federal devolution, ‘lean’ government, ‘enterpreneurial’
states and ‘revanchist’ cities
• Intensified city / suburban fiscal disparities
• The shift from welfare to workfare
• Increased class- and race-based sociospatial polarization
• ‘Ghettoization’ of poverty
• Local fiscal crises
• Lack of funding for key social services: affordable housing,
schools, public transportation, infrastructural improvements
• Expansion of repressive functions of the local
• Explosive social unrest
Urban form in Latin American cities
• Are central areas losing vitality in Latin American
large cities?
• What are the morphologic and metric criteria to
distinguish center and periphery in our cities?
• The importance of intra-urban information in
formulating basic strategies for integrated
infrastructure planning and management.
Metropolitan regionalism in Latin America
Possible (new) requirements
• Metropolitan governance and regulatory control
over space based monopolies
– cross subsidies and the creation of ‘premium’ spaces
– regional (re)definition of basic needs in public services
• Integrated water management and metropolitan
governance
– integrating water uses (supply, drainage, depuration)
– coordinating sustainable land use and zoning
– coordinating urban policies (transport, housing)