Transcript Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Life in England Before the
Industrial Revolution?
• Most people lived in the
country
• Subsistence farming
• Cottage industries
• Products were made by hand
• Developing towns – Liverpool,
Birmingham, Glasgow
Welsh
spinsters
How did people get around before
the Industrial Revolution?
• ‘We set out at six in the morning and didn’t get out
of the carriages (except when we overturned or got
stuck in the mud) for 14 hours. We had nothing to
eat and passed through some of the worst roads I
ever saw in my life’
This is a description of a
journey by Queen Anne in
1704 from Windsor to
Petworth – a journey of 40
miles. What does it tell us
about transport at the
time?
Definitions of Industrial Revolution
and Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution: a period of increased
output of goods made by machines and new
inventions; a series of dramatic changes in
the way work was done
• Industrialization: the process of developing
machine production of goods that led to a
better quality of life for people and also
caused immense suffering
Origins---Why England?
• Agricultural Revolution
– Horse and steel plow
– Fertilizer use
– Yields improved 300% 1700-1850
• Growth of foreign trade for
manufactured goods
– Foreign colonies
– Increase in ships and size
• Successful wars and foreign conquest
Why England?
• Factors in England
– No civil strife
– Government favored
trade
– Laissez faire
– Large middle class
– Island geography
– Mobile population
– Everyone lived within 20
miles of navigable river
– Tradition of
experimental science
– Weak guilds
The Agricultural Revolution
•The Agricultural Revolution, in the 1700s, resulted from
a series of discoveries and inventions that made farming
much more productive than ever before.
•By the mid 1800's, the Agricultural Revolution had
spread throughout much of Europe and North America.
•One of the revolution's chief effects was the rapid
growth of towns and cities in Europe and the United
States
•Because fewer people were needed to produce food,
farm families by the thousands moved to the towns and
cities.
Agricultural Revolution
 Food production increased over 60% during the 1700s;
twice the rate between the 1500s and 1700s.
 English farmers began to raise potatoes, brought from
America by the Columbian Exchange, which proved cheap
and nourishing.
 Other new crops indirectly benefitted humans as they
improved animal feed: corn, buckwheat, carrots and
cabbage.
 This new animal feed produced larger quantities of better
tasting meat and milk.
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old
System
ADVANTAGES
• All villagers worked
together
• All the land was shared
• Everyone helped each
other
• Everyone had land to
grow food
• For centuries enough
food had been grown
OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old
System
DISADVANTAGES
•Strips in
different fields
•Fallow land
•Waste of time
•Waste of land
•Common land
Disadvantages of the Open
Field
System
People have to walk
over your strips to
reach theirs
No
hedges
or
fences
Field left fallow
Difficult to
take
advantage of
new farming
techniques
No proper
drainage
Because land in
different fields takes
time to get to each
field
Animals can
trample crops
and spread
disease
Why did the Open Field System
change?
population
8
7
6
5
millions 4
3
2
1
0
What was
happening to
population
?
1700 1720 1740 1760 1780
year
Enclosures?
• This meant enclosing the land with fences or
hedges.
• The open fields were divided up and
everyone who could prove they owned some
land would get a share.
• Everyone had their own fields and could use
them how they wished.
• Open land and common land would also be
enclosed and divided up.
Enclosure Movement
• By the late 18th century, enclosures were becoming
very common in Great Britain.
• This meant that a farmer had his land together in one
farm rather than in scattered strips.
• The farmer now had a greater amount of
independence.
• This was not a new idea
• Enclosures had been around since Tudor times, but
increased dramatically in the 1700s because they
made it easier for farmers to try out new ideas.
The Enclosure Movement
Methods of Enclosure
• Farmers could now invest in new machinery for use on their
land, work in one area and not waste time walking between
strips of land.
• The enclosed land was also useful for farmers wanting to
experiment with selective breeding and new crops from
abroad.
• There were two ways for villages to enclose land.
• One was by getting the whole village to agree among
themselves, which was more common during the early 18th
century.
• The second was by an Act of Parliament. By 1770,
landowners were forcing enclosure on their local village by
using an Act of Parliament.
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Groups That Supported The
Enclosure Movement
• Landowners: They made
large profits from the
enclosures because the
new fields were more
efficient, and they could
charge their tenants higher
rents.
• Tenant Farmers: They did
not mind the higher rents,
because they were making
so much profit that they
could afford new machinery
and the best fertilizer.
• Laborers: They were
given more work
digging ditches,
planting hedges, and
building roads. Many
of them even gained
new homes on their
master’s estates.
Groups That Were Against The
Enclosure Movement
• Smallholders: Many
villagers lost land and
were forced to
become laborers,
either because they
could not prove their
right to the enclosed
land or because they
could not afford to
enclose the land.
• Landless Laborers:
People like squatters
really suffered,
because the common
land was turned into
enclose land. Many
of them were left
hungry.
Agricultural Advances
• Selective breeding  choosing the best animals to
breed together to get the best result
• Norfolk Crop Rotation  wheat, turnips, barley,
clover over the course of four years
• Seed drill  invented by Jethro Tull, used to evenly
spread out seeds
• Threshing machine  invented by Andrew Meikle,
separated the grain from the stalks and husks far
more quickly than hand threshing
Textile Industry
• Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney
• Spinning Jenny – James
Hargreaves, home-based machine
that spun thread 8 times faster
than when spun by hand
• Flying Shuttle – John Kay, Handoperated machine which increased
the speed of weaving
• Water Frame – Richard Arkwright,
Water-powered spinning machine
that was too large for use in a
home – led to the creation of
factories
Textiles
• The Factory:
– In 1742 Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in
Birmingham which used their new rolling
machine
– In 1743 A factory opened in Northampton
using Paul and Wyatt’s machines
– In 1764, Thorp Mill, the first water-powered
cotton mill in the world. It was used for
carding cotton.
– In1771 Richard Arkwright used
waterwheels to power textile machinery. It
contained his invention of the water frame.
Textiles
• The Loom
– The first power loom, a
mechanized loom powered by a
drive shaft, was designed in
1784 by Edmund Cartwright
and first built in 1785.
– Looms made the large factory
possible
– The Quarry Bank Mill: IN 1810
they used a new steam engine,
it was twice as powerful as the
regular engines, to power their
looms
– In 1857 there were 250,000
looms in the UK
The Power Loom
Coal Industry
• Most of the coal was found in the midlands,
the north, the northeast and parts of Scotland
– Towns and industries were built around the coal
mines
– The coal mines got deeper as coal was needed
more
– Thomas Newcomen’s invention of the steam
engine allowed the mine to be drained
– James Watt improved the steam engine
– Humphrey Davy invented the safety light
– The workers had a difficult time working
underground
– Mine Act of 1842
– There was a big difference in coal production from
1750-1850
Steel Industry
• The iron industry used large
amounts of lumber to produce
charcoal
– Too many trees were being destroyed
• Abraham Darby discovered that
coke (carbon, like coal) could be
used to smelt iron
• Henry Cort developed the puddling
furnace
• Henry Bessemer – the Bessemer
Convertor
• Iron was used to build bridges and
ships and to improve machines and
tools
Transportation
• Turnpikes
– Turnpike trusts were created to
maintain the newly created
roads
• Canals
– Boats on canals, rivers best for
long-distance travel, in early
1800s
• Trains
– Trains could carry heavy loads,
traveled faster than watercraft
– India’s first train, 1851
– First African railroad, Egypt
1852
– Trans-Siberian Railroad in
Russia, world’s longest, 1891
Transportation
• Effect on trade
– Expansion of railroads
increased markets
– Trains moved huge loads
efficiently, transportation
costs declined
– New products became
available
– Perishable foods could get to
market before spoiling
– Frozen beef shipped by rail
from west to east
– Shoppers had more food
choices
Advances in Transportation
Steamships
•
•
•
•
•
Steamships changed ocean travel
Not dependent on wind, could travel through any weather
U.S. steamship service began, west around South America to east, 1849
Long distance movement of goods economically viable by 1870
Passenger travel began shortly thereafter
The Automobile
The Airplane
• Wilbur and Orville Wright flew first
• First attempts, Europe 1769
sustained powered flight, 1903
• 1885-1886 Daimler and Benz
• Developed airplane over four years
developed practical automobiles
• Glider-powered with internal
• Early U.S. autos too expensive
combustion engine
• Henry Ford built first affordable cars,
• Paved the way for commercial,
mass production, 1908
military airplanes
• More roads than rail lines, 1915
Advances in Communication
Early 1800s Communication
The Telegraph
• Much slower than today
• Telegraph invented, 1837
• Boat, messenger on foot,
horseback or carriage
• Samuel Morse also invented a
“language” for those messages
• Entrepreneurs, inventors
searched for faster ways
• Messages transmitted as
electrical pulses
“What hath God wrought?”
• First telegraph message from
Morse, 1844
• Telegraph wires between
Washington D.C., Baltimore
• New era in communication
Growth of Telegraph
• Much of country linked by 1861
• Telegraph cable to Europe,
1866; to India, 1870
• Globalized personal and
business communication
Advances in Communication
The Telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell tried to create way to send multiple telegraph messages
at same time
• Invented telephone 1876
“Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.”
• Bell sent message to assistant from one room to another
• Watson heard message through receiver
Demand for telephones
• Increased during 1880s
• Thousands of miles of phone lines laid across U.S.
• Almost 1.5 million phones installed by 1900
Advances in Communication
The Radio and Phonograph
• Telephone technology limited by
length of wires
• New wireless technology
– Guglielmo Marconi built wireless
telegraph, 1895
– Radio first used as
communication device for ships
– Later used for entertainment and
news
• Sound recording technology
– Thomas Edison invented
phonograph
– Music became available to
everyone