Transcript The Civil War (USHC 3.2)
Summarize the course of the Civil War and its impact on democracy, including the major turning points; the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation; the unequal Treatment afforded to African American military units; the geographic, economic, and political factors in the defeat of the Confederacy; and the ultimate defeat of the idea of secession.
“A House divided against itself cannot stand.” -- Abraham Lincoln
Secession
Indian Territory (CSA) The “Upper South” waited… The “Deep South” seceded after Lincoln was elected.
DOCUMENT
Causes of Southern Secession
• Conflicting views about
federal states’ rights authority and
• Economic and cultural differences between the
agricultural South and the industrializing North
• Debates over the expansion of
slavery western territories into the
• The election of
Abraham Lincoln in 18 60
Confederate States of America
(CSA)
1861-1865
First National Flag of the CSA Jefferson Davis, President
War-making Capacity of the North and South
Confederate Advantages
• • • •
More Competent Generals
–
Southern Military Tradition “Home Field Advantage” DEFENSE as objective
–
NOT conquest HIGH STAKES
–
Survival as objective
Population Manufacturing Money Defense Military Leadership Political Leadership UNION Advantage C ONFEDERATE Advantage
The “Anaconda Plan”
General Winfield Scott
(1860)
Decisive Battles
of the Civil War
Battle Year Victor Union Confed.
Fort Sumter Antietam
(Sharpsburg)
Gettysburg
(PA)
Vicksburg
(MS)
Appomattox Court House 1861 1862 1863 1863 1865 X X X Significance
X
Began the Civil War Tactical Draw Union Strategic Bloodiest Single Day of War Emancipation Proclamation Lee’s first tactical defeat Confederates lose control of Mississippi River Lee surrenders to Grant
Antietam
September, 1862 Lee and McClellan fought to a tactical draw in the bloodiest single day of the war.
Afterwards, Lee retreated to VA.
STRATEGIC VICTORY for the Union CASUALTIES
KILLED
USA
2,108
CSA
1,546
The Emancipation Proclamation
1/1/1863
"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free….
“Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion…”
DOCUMENT
The Emancipation Proclamation
Areas affected Areas specifically exempted
0
WHY, THEN?
Lincoln’s #1 War Aim
Preserve the Union
–
All other goals were secondary
– Emancipation a goal IN ADDITION
1863
Decisive Engagements Engagement Chancellorsville State Victory VA Confederate Gettysburg Vicksburg PA Union MS Union Lee In 1863, Lee won his greatest victory and suffered his greatest defeat.
Conscription
aka, “The Draft” Confederate (1862)
o
Draftees could hire substitutes
o
Planters* exempt *20 or more slaves Union (1863)
o
Draftees could hire substitutes
o
$300 to exempt “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.” -- Anti-draft slogan
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863 After his victory at Chancellorsville, Lee invaded Pennsylvania in hopes of gaining a decisive victory on Northern soil.
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863 After three days of fighting, Lee failed to defeat the Union Army.
LEE’S FIRST TACTICAL DEFEAT CASUALTIES
KILLED
UNION
3,155
CONFEDERATE
4,708
Siege of Vicksburg
May 18 – July 4, 1863 Grant
A Turning Point...
The back-to-back losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg were severe blows to the Confederacy.
What effect did these battles have on the Copperhead movement in the North?
The Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863 RHETORIC Fourscore and seven years ago… Of the people, by the people, and for the people…
African-Americans
in the Civil War
About 180,000 African-Americans enlisted in the Union Army in the later years of the war.
–
10% of Union Army / 1% of Population
ALL VOLUNTEER
Only whites were drafted in the North.
54 th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry The film, Glory (1989), is based on the story of the 54 th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.
The Old Flag Never Touched the Ground, which depicts the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment at the attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, on July 18, 1863.
Election of 1864
Four More Years!
TOTAL WAR
Lincoln Grant Sherman • After defeating McClellan, Lincoln was no longer bound by political considerations.
Lee vs. Grant
Virginia
1864-1865 WAR OF ATTRITION
Sherman’s March
1864-1865 Gen. William T. Sherman (USA)
Sherman’s March
1864-1865
Lincoln’s Second
Inaugural Address March 4,
1865
Appomattox Court House
April 12, 1865
Lee Surrenders to Grant