Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
Chapter 21
Essential Question?
• Why are the battle of
Gettysburg and the
siege of Vicksburg
considered turning
points in the Civil War?
Bull Run
• Also known as
Manassas
• North expected a quick
end to the war.
• North so sure of victory
that spectators visited.
• South wins an easy
victory.
• Significance: this will be
a long war.
Tardy McClellan
• George McClellan given
command over Army of
the Potomac for US.
• Loved by his soldiers
• Very cautious, trained
for nearly a full year.
• Peninsula Campaign
– US attempt to invade Vir.
From the sea in 1862
– Lee’s army was
victorious, forced
McClellan out of Vir.
– Cost McClellan his
command
Union Commanders
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1861: Winfield Scott
1861: George McClellan
1862: A. Burnside
1863: Joe Hooker
1863: George Meade
1864: Ulysses Grant
Yankee Plans
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1. Blockade
2. Liberate slaves
3. Seize the Mississippi
4. Cut through Georgia
and Carolinas
• 5. Capture Richmond
• 6. Engage the enemy
head on
Naval Warfare
• Is British sovereignty
compromised by the
blockade?
• British say yes, but let it
slide because they may
use the blockade in a
future war (WWI).
• Blockade running could
be profitable
• Merrimack: 1st ironclad
ship (CSA)
• Could easily sink
wooden vessels of the
North.
• Cannon balls bounced
off of it.
• 1862: Monitor v.
Merrimack (1st ironclad
battle)
Antietam (1862)
• A number of small
victories built CSA
confidence, wanted to
invade north (1. Get MD
to secede, 2. Scare north
into peace treaty)
• Lee’s battle plans fell into
enemy hands
• McClellan forces Lee’s
troops to retreat back to
Vir., but fails to chase
them.
• Significance
– McClellan scorned for not
following Lee, removed
from command
– British and French would
have backed CSA with a
victory, abandoned them in
defeat.
– Victory gave Lincoln the
momentum he needed for
Emancipation
Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s executive order
on slavery.
• Did not free slaves in
border states. Why?
• Only freed slaves in
theory.
• Stated that all slaves
behind enemy lines (CSA)
are free.
• When slaves heard of this
them escaped in greater
numbers.
• Gave the war a moral
purpose.
• Abolitionists claimed he
hadn’t gone far enough.
• Desertions increased
from US army because
many didn’t want to fight
for slave freedom.
Emancipation Proclamation
Blacks Battle Bondage
• All black regiments created, with white
leaders.
• Originally given non-combat duty (cooks,
cleaning, building), later given opportunity in
battle
• Dangerous, if captured often executed
• Fort Pillow Massacre
• Slaves behind enemy lines acted as spies
Stonewall Jackson
• Lee’s “right arm”
• Brilliant officer for the
CSA
• Inspiration to men
• Killed by friendly fire at
Chancellorsville in 1863
• South dosen’t win a
battle without him
Gettysburg
• 1863
• Anti-war sentiment high
in north, Lee wants to
take advantage with a
decisive victory on
Yankee ground
• Fought July 1-3 in
Pennsylvania
• Back and forth until
“Picket’s charge” fails
for CSA
• Powerful victory for
North
• Last hope for victory for
South
Gettysburg
Vicksburg and the West
• Ulysses S. Grant and brilliant young
commander in the western theater
• “Unconditional Surrender” Grant
• Helped capture Tennessee in 1862
• Protected Kentucky, kept them in the Union
• 1862: US captures New Orleans
Vicksburg and the West
• By 1863 US had most of Mississippi River
under control, except Vicksburg
• Vicksburg’s position on the bluffs over the
river meant it could easily fire on US ships
• Grant decides to surround city (seize), not let
anything in or out.
• After 2 months with no food, Vicksburg
surrendered on July 4, 1863.
The tide is Turned
• Gettysburg ends July 3,
1863
• Vicksburg ends July 4,
1863
• What is left for the
Union War plan?
Sherman’s March
• With Miss. and Tenn.
Under Union control
they looked east
• William Tecumseh
Sherman given the task
of conquering Alab.,
Georgia and Carolinas
• Sherman breaks his
supply lines, soldiers
pillage off the land
• Starts in Atlanta, burns,
kills, destroys
everything from Atlanta
to Savannah Georgia
• “Total Warfare”, meant
to break the will of
southerners, keep food
from Confederates at
battlefront
• Travelled from
Savannah to Raleigh
William Tecumseh Sherman
Election of 1864
• Not all republicans happy
with Lincoln
• Many not happy with his
decisions (Radical
Republicans)
• Democrats still weak from
war, Steven Douglas dead
• Northern Democrats that
supported the war known
as Copperheads
• 1864: Republicans join
War favoring Democrats
to form Union Party
• Copperheads and Pro
Peace Dem. nominate
George McClellan (?).
McClellan promises peace
• Union Party nominates
Lincoln and Andrew
Johnson as VP
• Mid-1864: Dosen’t look
good for Lincoln
Election of 1864
War successes in Mobile,
Sherman’s March and
strong support from
soldiers boosted Lincoln
late in 1864
No peace for the South, no
independence
Grant vs. Lee
Grant takes command in
the Virginia theater
Decides to chase Lee
through VA, engage him
often, and not stop
pursuing until he quits
or runs out of men
Grant’s men suffered
heavy casualties.
• “Grant the Butcher”
• In April 1865 Richmond
captured by North,
burned
• Small battle near
Appomattox Court
House will be the last;
Lee has few men left, so
he surrenders
Appomattox Court House
Lincoln’s Last Days
• Lincoln travelled to
Richmond 3 days after
its surrender
• Sat in JD’s chair
• Back in Washington
parades and bands
celebrated
• Lincoln requested to
hear the song “Dixie”
• On Good Friday, he and
wife Mary went to see a
play at Ford’s Theater in
DC
• While watching, John
Wilkes Booth snuck up
behind him and
assassinated him.
• Booth was a
confederate
sympathizer
Lincoln’s Legacy
• Savior if the Union
• If he had lived he would have gone easy on
southern survivors.
• Nation mourned for days
• Andrew Johnson becomes president, no one
wanted that
• Bent the rules to accomplish a greater good.
Lincoln Memorial
Results of Civil War
• More deaths than all
other US wars combined:
620,000
• Billions of dollars
• Strong states’ rights
crushed
• Nullification, secession
doomed
• Roughest test for US
democracy to date
• Inspires UK to give
suffrage to entire
population
• Slavery doomed by 13th
amendment
• The South never recovers
from agricultural
destruction
• “What ifs” perpetuate the
“Lost Cause” docterine
Essential Question?
• Why are the battle of
Gettysburg and the
siege of Vicksburg
considered turning
points in the Civil War?
Civil War
1861-1865