Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861-1865)

Section 4 The Strain of War

Which do you feel is the most important quality in a good leader?

A.

Enthusiasm

B.

Confidence

C.

Courage

D.

Decisiveness

A 0%

A. A B. B C. C

0% 0% B

D. D

0% D

n

How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war?

Battle of Fredericksburg

• After Antietam, Lee retreated to Virginia • General Burnside, marched his troops toward the Confederate capital at Richmond • Lee intercepted the troops at Fredericksburg • Lee moved to a hill and then had trenches built so they could fire down on the enemy • The army would be protected • December 13, 1862- Lee’s entrenched forces easily drove back the Union troops • Burnside resigned and was replaced by General Joseph Hooker

After Fredericksburg

• May 1863- Lee split his men in response to Hooker doing the same thing • Even though Hooker had twice as many men • Some Confederate troops stayed to defend Fredericksburg, and some confronted the main Union forces at Chancellorsville • A third group, under Stonewall Jackson, caught the Union by surprise • Stonewall Jackson marched around the side of Hooker’s position

Battle of Chancellorsville

• Suddenly, Jackson’s army attacked the Union forces at the rear • At the same time, Lee struck from the front • The Union was sandwiched between the two Confederate forces • Hooker withdrew his men • One of the Confederate companies fired on Stonewall Jackson’s company by mistake • Jackson was wounded in the left arm • Jackson’s arm had to be amputated, and he died a week later

Weak Union Generals

• The Union had 3 different Generals in less than a year • McClellan was reluctant to engage the enemy • Lincoln said “If McClellan doesn’t want to use the army, I’d like to borrow it for a while” • McClellan didn’t follow the retreating Confederate troops (Antietam) into Virginia • After McClellan was Burnside (Loss at Fredericksburg) • Then Lincoln appointed Joseph Hooker (Loss at Chancellorsville) • Hooker resigned within 2 months • Major General George Meade took command

African Americans in the War

• At first, neither side allowed African Americans to fight • The North soon relaxed its rules • African Americans made up 30% of the South’s population • Confederate leaders feared African Americans would attack their fellow troops • Or begin a revolt

soldiers, so Lincoln

In the North

• The North needed more allowed African Americans to serve • Congress allowed the formation of all-African American regiments • Southern troops hated the African American troops and focused their fiercest gunfire on African American regiments • By the end of the war, they comprised about 10% of the Union army • These men fought hard and effectively

The

54

th

Massachusetts

• Best known African American regiment • 1863- Took part in the siege of Fort Wagner in South Carolina • On the front lines • Had nearly 300 casualties in this regiment alone •

Nevertheless

the fort • The 54 th its members , the soldiers bravely fought on • The Union could not capture became famous for the courage and sacrifice of

Going to the North

• Spring 1863- The South had the upper hand • Union loss at Chancellorsville ruined their plan for taking Richmond • Robert E. Lee decided to take the war to the North to impress Britain and France • The South recalled the Revolutionary War- Getting help from the French • France and Britain missed the goods the South provided (Mainly cotton) • If the South could win here, these nations might help

Gettysburg,

Battle of Gettysburg

• Confederates entered Pennsylvania looking for supplies • General Lee hoped to avoid fighting in an unfamiliar area • But the two sides

encountered

one another • After 4 days of fighting, the Confederates had 25,000 casualties and the Union had 23,000 • The battle started at 5:30 A.M. on July 1

Battle of Gettysburg Continued

• The Union troops were outnumbered and retreated to Cemetery Ridge • Reinforcements for both sides arrived • On the second day of fighting, Southern generals tried to remove Union forces from hills called Round Top and Little Round Top • Union Troops under General Meade held their positions • That night Meade made the decision not to retreat • The next day Lee order an attack designed to “create a panic and virtually destroy the [Union] army”

Results of Gettysburg

• The Confederates started by firing nearly 140 cannons at Union lines • The under General George Pickett, 1000s of Confederates attacked the Union’s center position • They advanced across open land • At first, it seemed

Pickett’s Charge

Confederates broke the Union’s first line might work- the • In the end 75% of those that charged were dead or wounded • Gettysburg put an end to hopes that Britain and France would help

The Vicksburg Siege

• July 4 th , 1863- Lee retreated from Gettysburg • Also on the same day the important river city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, fell to the Union under Grant • In May, Grant began the siege with 30,000 • Blockading it to prevent food and supplies from entering • Then the Union gunships on the river supported Grants 77,000 troops by firing 1000s of mortar shells into the city

Battle of Vicksburg

• 47 days- Both sides had many casualties • 9,000 Confederate/10,000 Union deaths • Fewer than 20 civilians were killed in the siege • A few days later, the South lost Port Hudson in Louisiana- The last stronghold on the Mississippi • The Anaconda Plan had worked • Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were now cut off • July 1863 was a major turning point

Lincoln’s

Gettysburg Address

• November 19, 1863 Soldiers’ National Cemetery was dedicated at Gettysburg • Former Mass. Governor Edward Everett delivered a two-hour speech • Then it was Lincoln’s turn • Lincoln spoke for about 2 minute (272 words) • Lincoln was able to honor the soldiers and the cause, as well as state his vision for the country • “These dead shall not have died in vain” • Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

n

How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war?

-Defeat at Gettysburg ended the Confederates hopes for invading the North -Victory at Vicksburg allowed the Union to divide the Southern states and control the Mississippi

Chapter 16 Section 4 Quiz

General Stonewall Jackson was killed at Chancellorsville by a fall from his horse.

A. True B. False

50% 50% T ru e F al se

Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside.

A. True

50% 50%

B. False

T ru e F al se

The Union army was comprised of mostly African American soldiers.

A. True B. False

50% 50% T ru e F al se

The Gettysburg Address was given at a ceremony to dedicate a cemetery.

A. True B. False

50% 50% T ru e F al se

The 54th Massachusetts was an all female regiment.

A. True

50% 50%

B. False

T ru e F al se

Which of the following did

not

lead the Union forces?

A. George McClellan

25% 25% 25% 25%

B. Ambrose Burnside C. Joseph Hooker D. Robert E. Lee

G eo rg e M cC le A lla m n br os e B ur ns id e J os ep h H oo ke r R ob er t E . L ee

General Lee hoped that a win in the North might impress

A. France and Spain.

25% 25% 25% 25%

B. Spain and Britain.

C. Britain and France.

D. Spain and Germany.

F ra nc e an d S pa S in .

pa in a nd B rit B ai ri n.

ta in a nd F ra S nc pa e.

in a nd G er m an y.

General Grant led a 47-day siege against

A. Port Hudson, Louisiana

25% 25% 25% 25%

B. Vicksburg, Mississippi C. Atlanta, Georgia D. Mobile, Alabama

P or t H ud so n, L ou V ic is ks ia na bu rg , M is si ss ip pi A tla nt a, G eo rg ia M ob ile , A la ba m a

By the end of the war, African American volunteers made up nearly what percentage of the Union army?

A. 20 percent

25% 25% 25% 25%

B. 10 percent C. 100 percent D. 50 percent

2 0 pe rc en t 1 0 pe rc en t 1 00 p er ce nt 5 0 pe rc en t

President Lincoln’s address at what battlefield helped war-weary Americans focus on their shared ideals?

A. Vicksburg

25% 25% 25% 25%

B. Chancellorsville C. Shiloh D. Gettysburg

V ic ks bu rg C ha nc el lo rs vi lle S hi lo h G et ty sb ur g

0 0 0 0 0

Participant Scores

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