Transcript Berggebiete in Europa

Committee of the Regions
COTER Seminar
Regional Policy in regions with specific
geographical characteristics
14 December 2009
Kiruna, Sweden
Session 2:
The situation of regions with geographical characteristics:
Mountain regions
Thomas Dax
Bundesanstalt für Bergbauernfragen, Vienna, Austria
(Federal Institute for Less-Favoured and Mountainous Areas)
[email protected]
Outline
 Mountain areas in Europe
(definition; scope, diversity)
 Situation and trends in mountain regions
 Challenges of sustainable development and
cohesion aspects
 Analysis of impact of policies on mountain areas
 Regional initiatives and success factors for mountain
development
A common framework for mountain analysis
 Definition (national definitions and delimitations,
LFA scheme for CAP; regions for Interreg programmes);
common indicators of Nordregio study (LAU2)
data availability problems
 add regional perspective for EU comparison (NUTS3):
EC working paper (02/2009)
 Mountain policies
(national, EU-level; diverse application patterns)
specificity addressed in strategic documents
 Challenges faced
demographic changes /ageing population
shifts in economic activity
accessibility, infrastructure and service supply
emerging potential (quality production)
tension between ecological sensitivity and use (e.g. tourism)
Mountains of Europe
Delimitation (Nordregio study)
Mountain areas (selected countries)
country
Total area
(1,000 km²)
Area of
mountain
municip. (1000
km²)
Mountain area
in % of total
area
Mountain area
population in %
of total
population
All countries
studied
4.761
1.935
40,6
19,1
EU15
3.319
1.323
39,9
17,8
Austria
84
62
73,4
49,8
Finland
327
166
50,8
12,0
France
638
142
22,3
14,3
Germany
357
53
14,7
10,1
Greece
132
103
77,9
49,6
Italy
301
181
60,1
32,6
92
36
39,1
26,5
Spain
505
282
55,7
38,5
Sweden
450
228
50,6
6,9
UK
245
63
25,5
4,3
Portugal
Source: Nordregio 2004, p.29f.
Mountain areas, NMS (table continued)
Total area
(1,000 km²)
Area of
mountain
municip. (1000
km²)
4.761
1.935
40,6
19,1
NMS-12
1.077
241
22,4
17,6
Bulgaria
102
54
53,3
45,6
9
4
47,6
14,3
79
25
32,3
23,4
Poland
311
16
5,2
5,8
Romania
238
90
37,9
24,9
Slovakia
49
30
62,0
48,6
Slovenia
20
16
78,0
64,9
Norway
324
296
91,3
63,4
41
37
90,7
84,2
country
All countries
Cyprus
Czech Rep.
Switzerland
Mountain area
Mountain area
in % of total population in % of
area
total population
Situation and trends
Indicator
Mountain regions
total area (EC-study 2004)
35.5%
population share (2007)
8.0%
(EC-study 2004)
population density
(for EU-15, 2004)
EU-27
LFA-delimitation
(2007, EU-27)
100
(17,7%)
42 (Index)
21% of total area
15% of UAA
100
12% of econ. pot.
11% of livestock
change in pop.
(2000-2006, p.a.)
0.17%
0.37%
change in employment
(2000-2004, p.a.)
0.20%
0.20%
employment in
agriculture (2004)
14%
7%
Share of population
not accessing hospitals
(within 30 min.; 2001)
21.3%
10.4%
proximity to natural area
161 (Index)
100
Population density in massifs
Population density in municipalities
Population development
Municipalities with depopulation
(from mountain areas and lowlands), 1991-2001
Lowlands
Mountain Areas
Note: bars in red, municipalities with more than -10% depopulation
Mountain regions, EU-27 (Nuts 3)
Challenges of sustainable development and
cohesion aspects
Major processes:
 Continuing process of EU economic and social integration,
globalisation and economic restructuring
 Development of information and transport technologies
 Changing political geography of Europe (enlargement,
regionalism)
 Changing socio-demographic structure of EU population, and
 Environmental degradation threats (energy supply, climate
change implications)
Mountain policy framework
Recent stronger territorial orientation (sector policies, CAP, SF,
including trans-border cooperation and Territorial Cohesion)
 Main sector policies
(agriculture, forestry, tourism, infrastructure, public services;
environment, risk management, nature conservation; spatial
planning)
 Trans-national cooperation (including international agreements:
Alpine and Carpathian Conventions; Interreg programmes)
 Integrated approaches (pilot action, including Leader in
mountains, national priorities and action)
 Institutional development
(research and development: Mountain Forum,
Rio/Johannesburg process, IYM 2002, Mountain Partnership,
SARD-M „remunerating positive externalities“)
Pillar 1 support per Annual Work Unit (AWU)
Arkleton Centre 2005
Pillar 2 support per Annual Work Unit (AWU)
Arkleton Centre 2005
Integrated perspectives on activities
Reflecting cohesion needs and concept of sustainability
•
Improving (spatial) accessibility
•
Need for incentive policies
•
Take account of landscape values
•
Amenities characteristics with a territorial dimension
(need of collective action)
•
Mountain areas, low intensity land management, nature
conservation (appropriate land management)
•
Coordination activities, multi-level governance
(horizontal and vertical)
Local action in mountain development
Need for innovative approaches beyond LFA scheme
 Bottom-up approaches (since 1970s),
pilot action towards mainstreaming
(Leader etc., community capacity building, cooperation –
governance)
 Two aspects of local capacity building:
► „diversification“ of farm households
► general spatial relevance of rural action
(types of rural regions)
 Best-practice and success dimensions
Structure of rural development at farm enterprise level
conventional
agriculture
mobilisation of ressources
„Regrounding“
new forms of cost reduction
off-farm income
Source: van der Ploeg et al. 2002
Key issues for mountain policy strategies
 Recognition of mountain areas as specific development areas
 Remuneration of services rendered to surrounding lowland areas
 Diversification and exploitation of the local potential for
innovation
 Addressing cultural changes without loss of identity
 Sustainable management of mountain ecosystems (including
biodiversity)
 Trans-regional cooperation and strategic regional development
approaches
 Institutional development (multi-level governance) to focus on
sustainable resource use
Thank you!
References
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Nordregio, Mountain areas in Europe, EC-study (2004)
BABF, F&F32, Berggebiete in Europa (2004)
BABF, F&F35, Benachteiligte Gebiete in den NMS (2006)
ESPON studies 2000-2006 (project 2.1.3 and others)
Bausch et al., Prospective Study, Alpine Space (2006)
EC, proceedings, mountain policies conference (2003)
Dax, The role of mountain regions in territorial cohesion, Euromontana (2008)
Eu-project IMALP, Guidelines for promoting sustainable agriculture in Alpine
mountain regions (2006)