ARTIST VIEW OF BLACK HOLES

by Jean-Pierre Luminet

ACCRETION/JET CONNECTION IN MICROQUASARS: AS IN AGN THE JETS COME IN DIFFERENT TYPES

1) DOUBLE-SIDED RADIO SOURCE WITH STATIONARY LOBES ASSOCIATED TO PERSISTENT X-RAY SOURCES 2) DOUBLE OR SINGLE SIDED MOVING JETS THAT APPEAR AT TRANSITIONS FROM LOW-HARD TO HIGH-SOFT X-RAY STATES.

FORMATION OF TERMINAL LOBES AT RADIO & X-RAYS.

3) TRANSIENT “BABY-JETS” DURING FAST TRANSITIONS FROM LOW-HARD TO HIGH SOFT STATES. FLUENCE D T CONNECTION ?

4) COMPACT STEADY JETS DURING LONG LOW-HARD STATES SEEN IN ALL STEADILY ACCRETING BHs: Cyg X 1… Sgr A *

IN

m

QSOs ASSOCIATED TO SPECIFIC X-RAY STATES

X/GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA OF BLACK HOLE BINARIES

GRO (Grove et al 98) DIFFERENT FROM SPECTRA OF NEUTRON STAR X-RAY BINARIES

Low/Hard and High/Soft states in Black Holes

Grebenev et al. 93 Compact jet Corbel et al. 2001 Accretion disk structure and spectrum described by Shakura & Sunyaev 73

The Power-Evolution of Black Hole XRBs

Radio & X-ray Spectrum Accretion Disk

Sunyaev

Radio Jet

Sunyaev Sunyaev

Fender (2001)

X-RAY STATES AND JETS

Microquasar GRS 1915+105 Dhawan, Mirabel, Rodriguez, 2000 Falcke et al. & Fender et al. 2002 (Pooley with Ryle) RXTE •MAJOR EJECTIONS TAKE PLACE DURING X-RAY TRANSITION FROM LOW HARD TO HIGH-SOFT STATE (Mirabel et al. 1994, 1998; Fender et al. 2002).

VLBA ALLOWS ASTROMETRY AND PROPER MOTIONS WITH SUB-MAS PRECISION !

MICROQUASARS AS PROBES OF BLACK HOLE FORMATION

HOW ARE STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES FORMED ?

IS IT BY PROMPT COLLAPSE OR DELAYED/FAILED COLLAPSE ?

ARE BLACK HOLES BORN WITH NATAL KICKS AS NEUTRON STARS ?

IS THIS A FUNCTION OF THE PROGENITOR AND BLACK HOLE MASS ?

ANSWERS ARE IMPORTANT TO: 1) CONSTRAIN THE PHYSICAL MODELS, 2) FOR ASTRONOMY PROJECTS THAT USE GRB’s FOR COSMOLOGY. IS THE FORMATION OF BH’s ALWAYS ASSOCIATED TO SN AND GRB’s ?

THE BIRTH PLACE AND MECHANISM OF FORMATION CAN BE INFERRED FROM THE KINEMATICS. BUT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO KNOW THE SPACE VELOCITY OF SOLITARY BLACK HOLES.

MULTIWAVELENGTH TOOLS TO TRACK THE PATH OF MICROQUASARS

1) RADIAL VELOCITY OF THE CENTRE OF MASS FROM SPECTROSCOPY OF THE DONOR STAR 2) PROPER MOTION FROM ASTROMETRY OF COMPACT JETS (VLBI) OR DONOR STAR (OPTICAL) 3) DISTANCE BY CLASSIC METHODS IN ASTRONOMY

THE GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT CAN THEN BE COMPUTED USING A GALACTIC MASS MODEL

BLACK HOLE IN THE HALO

Mirabel , Dhawan , Rodrigues, Mignani, Guglielmetti (Nature, September 13, 2001) XTE J1118+480: M BH =7 M



@ l =158 o b=+62 o

;

D=1.9 kpc Proper Motions:

Radio with VLBA Optical on 43 years POSS

V pec =150 km/sec

DRIFTING AT A VELOCITY OF 150 km/sec

Animacion

POPULAR VIEW OF BLACK HOLES

AS

“CANNIBAL STARS”

Irapuan

THE PATH OF SCORPIUS X-1

A GALACTIC BULGE X-RAY BINARY WITH A “CHAOTIC” ORBIT

THE RUNAWAY BLACK HOLE GRO J1655-40

PROPER MOTION WITH HST

(Mirabel, Rodrigues, et al. 2002) DISTANCE = 1-3 Kpc

RUNAWAY VELOCITY: 116 +/- 12 km/sec LINEAR MOMENTUM = 550 +/- 100 M SUN km/s as neutron stars BH FORMED IN A SN

Consistent with (Israelian et al. Nature 2001)

THE BIRTH SITES OF HMXBs

Rodrigues & Mirabel 2003 LSI +61 303 Cygnus X-1 THE AGES, RUNAWAY VELOCITIES, PROGENITOR MASS LIMITS ETC… CAN BE CONSTRAINED

RESULTS

In proceedings of 4 th Microquasar workshop •ON 7 INDIVIDUAL SOURCES. THE RUNAWAY KINETIC ENERGY OF X-RAY BINARIES IS < 1% OF THE KINETIC ENERGY OF SUPERNOVAE. ALTHOUGH THE SAMPLE IS STILL NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT TO DRAW MUCH GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

•IN THE FUTURE IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO CONSTRAIN WITH MORE PRECISION WHICH BLACK HOLES ARE FORMED IN THE EXPLOSION OF MASSIVE STARS AND WHICH ARE FORMED BY IMPLOSION, AS A FUNCTION OF THE PROGENITOR AND BLACK HOLE MASSES. •CAVEAT: SELECTION EFFECT IN THE SAMPLE BECAUSE THE MOST ENERGETIC NATAL EXPLOSIONS MAY UNBOUND THE BINARIES, AND THEREFORE NOT ABLE TO SEE THOSE HIGH SPEED REMNANTS.