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Clinical Microbiology
2008
Microorganisms as causative
agents of infections in animals
Companion animals:
Dog and cat
Horse
Food animals
Cattle and sheep
Pig
Poultry
Infections of the..
Respiratory system
Nervous system (CNS)
Gastro-intestinal tract
Urinary tract
Genital systém
Skin, soft tissues and wounds
Joint and bones
Clinical microbiology (microbes
and antimicrobials)
Bacteriology
and use of antibiotics and chemoterapeutics)
Virology
Mycology
And use of antivirotics
And use of antimycotics
Use of vaccines
Clinical specimens
Colleted from living animals not from
necropsy
Characterisation of bacteria
from clinical specimens
Processing of a specimen
Gram stain
Cultivation
Atmosphere (A/AN, A+CO2,AN,A)
Culture media (solid:BA, MC agar,XLD agar, chocolate
agar, liquid: broths)
Identification
G+
Gram- negative bacteria (oxidase, catalase,
biochemical tests, serological tests to identify
serovars
Further identification -Typing
methods
Serological tests are used for
serotyping
(E.coli O157 H7, E. coli O141 F4
S. Typhimurium O 1,4,5,12,H: i, 1,2
S. Enteritidis O1,9,12, H:g,m
Bacteriophage typing (S. Typimurium
DT 104)
Identification – subtyping
methods
DNA subtyping methods
gene typing for virulence factors
instead of toxin production
E.coli
P. multocida
Obligate anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides/Fusobacterium
Porphyromonas
Prevotella
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
Metods for detection of noncultured bacteria
Microscopy
PCR detection using various
modifications
PCR
Nested PCR
Real time PCR
Non-cultured bacterial genera
and species
Lawsonia intracellularis
Chlamydophilla spp.
Rickketsias
Hemomycoplasmas:
Mycoplasma hemosuis, M. hemofelis
G- bacterial species most
frequently obsereved
Psudomonas aeruginosa
E. coli
Other coliforms (Klebsiella, Enterobacter)
Salmonella
Pasteurella multocida
Haemophilus spp.
Actinobacillus spp.
G+ bacterial species most
frequently obsereved
Beta – haemolytic streptococci
Staphylococcus aureus/S.intermedius
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Enterococci
Clostridium perfringens
Zoonotic bacterial species
Campylobacter jejuni, C.coli
VTEC (verotoxigenic E.coli serogroup
O157
Salmonella enterica (ST DT 104)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Streptococcus suis 2
Listeria moncytogenes
Mycotic infections
Candida albicans
Dermatophyta
Use of Antibiotics
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
MIC – minimum inhibitory
concentrations
Disc susceptibility test
Etest
Beta-lactamase test
Commonly used antibiotic
Range of action:
Very good
Good
Poor activity against particular bacteria
Bacterial resistance mechanisms
Betalactams
PENICILLINS
Benzylpenicillin
Aminopenicillins
Ampicilin, amoxicilin
Cephalosporines 1 to 4
generation
1g:
2g:
3g:
4g:
cephalotin
cefuroxim
ceftazidim
cefquinom
Carbapenems
Imipenem
Inhibitors of beta-lactamases
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Combination: co-amoxicillin
Glykopeptides
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Aminoglycosides
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Macrolides
Erytromycin
Tylosin
Tilmicosin
Lincosamides
Lincomycine
Tetracyclines
Oxytetracycline/Chlortetracycline
Doxycycline
Amphenicols
Chloramphenicol
2.gen.
Florfenicol
Pleuromutilins (diterpens)
Tiamulin
2gen.
Valnemulin
Chemoterapeutics
Sulfonamides
Quinolones
Sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazol
Co- trimoxazol
Quinolones
Non fluorinated q.
Oxolinic acid
Fluorinated q.
enrofloxacin
Infections of the Respiratory
System
Mirobes
Pathogenesis (aspiration)
Nasopharynx
Pharynx (pharyngitis)
Trachea
Bronchi (bronchioli)
Lungs -pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Pleura (pleuritis)
Lung absces
Infection of the skin and sof
tissues
A breatch of the skin
Via minor abrasions
Hair follicles
Surgical incision
Wounds (traumatic, surgical)
Infections of the blood
Bacteraemia - bacteria in the blood se
detected by blood culture
Transient (single episode)
Intermittent
Continuous