Transcript Workplace Violence and Bullying 1

Organizational Behavior:
Stress Management
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
What is Stress?
An adaptive response to a
situation that is perceived as
challenging or threatening to
the person’s well-being
.
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stage 1
Alarm Reaction
Stage 2
Resistance
Normal
Level of
Resistance
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Stage 3
Exhaustion
Stressors and Stress Outcomes
Work
Stressors
Individual
Differences
Physical
environment
Role-related
Interpersonal
Consequences
of Stress
Physiological
Stress
Behavioral
Psychological
Organizational
Nonwork
Stressors
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Role-Related Stressors
• Role conflict
– Interrole conflict
– Intrarole conflict
– Person-role conflict
• Role ambiguity
– Uncertain duties, authority
• Workload
– Too much/too little work
• Task control
– Machine
pacing
..
– Monitoring equipment
– No work schedule control
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Interpersonal Stressor:
Workplace Violence and Bullying
1- Workplace violence is a stressor to those who:
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–
–
Experience violence at work
Observe violence at work
Work in jobs with higher risk of violence
2-Workplace Bullying: Offensive, intimidating, or humiliating behavior that degrades,
ridicules, or insults another person at work.
•
Workplace bullies tend to be people with higher authority
•
Workplace bullying is reduced through:
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–
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Careful hiring
360-degree feedback
Conflict resolution system
3- Sexual Harassment : Unwelcome conduct -- detrimental effect on work
environment or job performance
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•
Quid pro quo
–
employment or job performance is conditional on unwanted sexual relations
Hostile work environment
–
an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Work-Nonwork Stressors
• Time-based conflict
– due to work schedule, commuting, travel
– women still do “second shift” (most
housework)
• Strain -based conflict
– work stress affects home, and vice versa
• Role behavior conflict
– incompatible work and nonwork roles
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Stress and Occupations
Accountant
Hospital manager
Artist
Physician (GP)
Mechanic
Psychologist
Forester
School principal
Low-Stress
Occupations
Police officer
Tel. operator
U.S. and Iran
President
Waiter/waitress
Medium-Stress
Occupations
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
High-Stress
Occupations
Individual Differences in Stress
• Perceive the situation differently
– Self-efficacy
– Locus of control
– Scarlet personality
– Learned helplessness
• Different threshold levels of resistance to
stressor
– Store of energy
• Use different stress coping strategies
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Type A / Type B Behavior Pattern
Type A Behavior Pattern
Type B Behavior Pattern
• Talks rapidly
• Handles details patiently
• Is devoted to work
• Is less competitive with
others
• Is highly competitive
• Struggles to perform
several tasks
•
•
•
•
• Contemplates issues
carefully
• Has a low concern about
Has a strong sense of time
time limitations
urgency
• Doesn't feel guilty about
Is impatient with idleness
relaxing
Loses temper easily
• Has a relaxed approach to
life
Interrupts others
• Works at a steady pace
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Consequences of Distress
• Physiological consequences
– cardiovascular diseases
– ulcers, sexual dysfunction, headaches, cancer
• Behavioral consequences
– work performance, accidents, decisions
– absenteeism -- due to sickness and flight
– workplace aggression
• Psychological Consequences
– moodiness, depression, emotional fatigue
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Job Burnout Process
Interpersonal and
Role-Related Stressors
Emotional
Exhaustion
Depersonalization
Physiological,
psychological,
and behavioral
consequences
Reduced Personal
Accomplishment
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Family-Friendly and Work-Life
Initiatives
• Flexible work time
• Job sharing
• Telecommuting
• Personal leave
• Childcare facilities
.
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.
Other Stress Management
Practices
• Withdrawing from the stressor
– Permanent -- transfer to better fit job
– Temporary -- work breaks, vacations
• Changing stress perceptions
– Self-efficacy, self-leadership
• Controlling stress consequences
– Fitness and lifestyle programs
– Relaxation and meditation
– Employee counseling
• Social support
– Emotional and informational
Gholipour A. 2005. Organizational Behavior. University of Tehran.