Transcript Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Culture
Sociology: A Down-to-Earth
Approach 7/e
James M. Henslin
Chapter Two: Culture
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Chapter 2: Culture
What is Culture?
Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Behavior Passed
from One Generation to the Next
Material vs. Nonmaterial Cultures
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Chapter 2: Culture
Culture and Taken-for-Granted
Orientations
What is Normal, Natural, or Usual?
The Culture Within Us
Culture as Lens
Culture Shock
Ethnocentrism
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Chapter 2: Culture
Practicing Cultural Relativism
Understanding Cultures on Their Own Terms
“Sick Cultures”
Confronting Contrasting Views of Reality
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Chapter 2: Culture
Components of Symbolic Culture
Gestures
Language
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Chapter 2: Culture
Language and Culture
Allows
Human Experience to be Cumulative
Provides a Social or Shared Past
Provides a Social or Shared Future
Allows
Shared Perspectives
Allows
Complex, Shared, Goal-Directed Behavior
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Chapter 2: Culture
Language and Perception:
Sapir-Whorf
Language
Has Embedded Within It Ways of
Looking at the World
Sapir-Whorf
Reverses Common Sense
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values, Norms, and Sanctions
Values—What is Desirable in Life
Norms—Expectations or Rules for Behavior
Sanctions—Reaction to Following or Breaking
Norms
Positive Sanctions
Negative Sanctions
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Chapter 2: Culture
Folkways and Mores
Folkways—Norms not Strictly Enforced
Mores—Core Values: We Insist on
Conformity
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Chapter 2: Culture
Subcultures and Countercultures
Subculture—A World Within the Dominant
Culture
Countercultures—Groups With Norms and Values
at Odds With the Dominant Culture
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society
Achievement and
Success
Progress
Equality
Individualism
Material Comfort
Racism and Group
Superiority
Activity and Work
Humanitarianism
Education
Efficiency and
Practicality
Freedom
Religiosity
Science and
Technology
Democracy
Romantic Love
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society
Achievement
and Success
Individualism
Activity
and Work
Efficiency and Practicality
Science and Technology
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society
Progress
Material Comfort
Humanitarianism
Freedom
Democracy
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values in U.S. Society
Equality
Racism and Group Superiority
Education
Religiosity
Romantic Love
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Chapter 2: Culture
Value Contradictions and Social Change
“It is precisely at the point of value contradictions,
then, that one can see a major force for social change
in a society.”
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Chapter 2: Culture
Emerging Values
Leisure
Self-fulfillment
Physical Fitness
Youthfulness
Concern for the Environment
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Chapter 2: Culture
Values and Culture
Culture Wars: When Values Clash
Value as Blinders
“Ideal” vs. “Real” Culture
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Chapter 2: Culture
Cultural Universals
Some Activities are Universal—Courtship,
Marriage, Funerals, Games, etc.
Specific Customs Associated with Activities Differ
Between Groups
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Chapter 2: Culture
Sociobiology
Controversial View of Human Behavior
Biology Cause of Human Behavior
Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
Sociologists and Social Biologists on
Opposite Sides
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Chapter 2: Culture
Technology in the Global Village
The New Technology—New Tools
Cultural Lag and Cultural Change
Technology and Cultural Leveling
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