Transcript Interviewing and Interrogation for Criminal Justice

Interviewing and Interrogation
Chapter 1
Lesson Overview:
How are crimes solved?
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When
someone
makes the
decision to talk
to the police
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Influenced by
the
communication
skills of the
interviewer
1-2
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Communication Process:
The Berlo SMCR Model
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For an interview to occur:
 A person initiates the interaction (the source)
 A person receives and interprets the means
(the receiver)
 Meaning is conveyed through our 5 senses
Touch
Source/
Encoder
Hear
Channels
Smell
Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Taste
See
1-3
Taste
Hear
Message
And
Feedback
Touch
Receiver/
Decoder
Channels
See
Smell
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Purpose of the Interview
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The purpose
of the
interview is to
gather
information.

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Approximately
80% of police
investigative
work consists
of
interviewing!
1-4
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Characteristics of an
Interview
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Non-accusatory
Purpose is gather information
Should be conducted early in the
investigation
Variety of environments
Free flowing
May need to take notes
1-5
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Categories of Persons to be Interviewed:
Victim

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
A victim is
the person
who is the
object of an
incident,
crime, or
other harm
caused
against them.
1-6
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These interviews
are influenced by
prejudice, anger,
pain, and fear in
addition to age,
gender, cognitive
abilities, and fear
of disclosure.
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Categories of Persons to be Interviewed:
Witnesses

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
A witness is
someone who
personally sees,
hears, or
otherwise
observes
something
relating to the
incident under
investigation.
1-7
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Eyewitness
evidence is
notoriously
inaccurate,
incomplete,
and unreliable.
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Categories of Persons to be Interviewed:
Suspects

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
A suspect is
the person that
the police
officer has
reasonable
cause to
believe
committed a
specific crime.
1-8
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In addition to
sharing the
same
influences as
the victim, a
suspect has
consequences
to fear!
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Definition of Interrogation

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
An interrogation is an
exercise in
persuasion with the
goal of eliciting a
truthful confession.
 Persuade: to
influence or gain
over by argument,
advice, or
entreaty
 Elicit: to draw out
or entice forth
1-9
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Purpose of the Interrogation

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
It is meant to
encourage the
suspect to
provide evidence
of guilt or
involvement in an
event.
 Sought by the
interrogator is
a confession
or admission.
1-10
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Confession

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
A statement
made by a
defendant
disclosing his or
her guilt of a
crime with which
he was charged
and excluding the
possibility of a
reasonable
inference to the
contrary.
1-11
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Admission

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
An acknowledgement
of guilty conduct
containing only facts
from which guilt may
or may not be
inferred.
1-12
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Characteristics of an
Interrogation
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Accusatory
Involves active persuasion
Purpose = learn the truth!
Controlled environment
Suspected guilt
Notes are not initially taken
1-13
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Personal Qualities of the
Interviewer
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The process of successful interviewing
includes:
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Putting aside personal prejudices and
biases
Developing a genuine curiosity
Having a positive attitude
A willingness to develop rapport
Becoming knowledgeable
Being professional
1-14
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Rapport Development

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Rapport is the
communication
that results
when two
people agree
on the means
and willingness
to
communicate.
1-15
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Knowledgeable
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Keeps asking
questions and
continues to learn
from each case
Does not make
judgments based on
past encounters that
were similar
Knows that the
answers must be
learned from the
circumstances and
will only come
through listening and
watching
1-16
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Professionalism
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Demands that each
investigation begins
without case bias or
preconceived notions
about the victim
Requires patience
and persistence
Is the capacity to
demonstrate respect
for others
1-17
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Communication for
Rapport
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Communication
includes both
verbal and nonverbal messages
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
Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
1-18
Information
communicated
is about 65%
non-verbal
Verbal
communication
is about 35%
of information
related
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Matching

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Matching is a
subtle form of the
interviewer
mimicking the
nonverbal and
paralanguage
behaviors of the
person being
interviewed.
1-19
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Kinesics
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Kinesics is a
form of nonverbal
communication
that includes:
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Body language
Facial
expressions
Gestures
1-20
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Matching Kinesic
Communications
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
When two people are communicating
effectively their body language will be
aligned
Facial expressions include both
conscious and unconscious movement
of the nose, lips, eyebrows, tongue, and
eyes
When an interviewer attempts to develop
rapport defensive signals need to be
overcome in order for the interview to
proceed effectively
1-21
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Examples of Facial
Expressions
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
Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Eyebrows frown for anger or
concentration and rise for intensity
Pupils of the eyes get larger during fear
and smaller during rest
Lips may move into a grin to show
happiness, grimace for fear, or pout to
indicate sadness
Wide eyes typically indicates surprise
or excitement; narrowed eyes indicate
disagreement or a threat
1-22
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Examples of Gestures
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Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
Rubbing one’s ear is an indication
the person does not know the
answer to a question
Swaying backwards in the chair
points to an individual with a weak
ego
Crossing of the arms is a defensive
posture, the person has become
cautious
1-23
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Proxemics

Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
The study of
our use of
space and how
various
differences in
that use makes
us feel more
relaxed or
more anxious
1-24
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Proxemics Spacing
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Intimate space
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Personalcasual space
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1.5 to 4 feet
Socialconsultive
space
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0 to 1.5 feet
5 to 10 feet
Public space
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10 feet and
beyond
Smart Talk:
Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation
By Denise Kindschi Gosselin
20
18
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14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 to 1.5
Feet
1-25
1.5 to 4
Feet
5 to 10 Feet 10 Feet &
Beyond
PRENTICE HALL
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458