The Era of Good Feelings
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Transcript The Era of Good Feelings
Essential Question:
Which was the more powerful
force during the Era of Good
Feelings: nationalism or
sectionalism?
The Era of
Good Feelings
(1816-1825)
The Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, America
experienced an “Era of Good
Feelings” characterized by:
– An extremely popular president
– The emergence of a 2nd
generation of U.S. leaders
– Dominance by the Republicans
– A surge in nationalism that
united the country & improved
U.S. industry & transportation
Monroe as President
He
appointed
Democrats,
Federalists,
James Monroe was elected
Southerners, Northerners to his cabinet;
president
in 1816
& John
1820Qwith
a
including Sec
of State
Adams
clear set of goals:
– To promote national unity
– To promote America’s power in
the world
Republican dominance of the
presidency & Congress helped
push through a series of new laws
The Great Triumvirate
By 1816, a wave of new leaders
shaped the antebellum era:
Henry Clay (Republican, KY) :
– Represented the “West”
– Speaker of the House
– Proponent of national
economic development
(“American System"
to promote industry
& markets for farmers)
The Great Triumvirate
By 1816, a new wave of leaders
shaped the antebellum era:
John C. Calhoun (Republican, SC):
– Represented the “South”
– Sec of War; VP
– He was the nation's
leading proponent
of states' rights (he
embraced nullification)
The Great Triumvirate
By 1816, a new wave of leaders
While
theythe
did antebellum
not always agree,
this
shaped
era:
“Great Triumvirate” of Clay, Calhoun, &
Daniel Webster (Whig, MA):
Webster enthusiastically supported national
– Represented
“North”
economic the
development
– Congressman; Sec
of State
– Strong proponent of
nationalism & strong
critic of states' rights
Who
else are
you the
going
to vote
for?
Politics
After
War
of 1812
The Dem-Repubs traditionally
represented limited gov’t, states'
rights, & strict construction
But, without Federalist opposition,
the Dem-Repubs adopted many
traditionally Federalist policies:
– National economic development
– A permanent army
– Transportation improvements
– A national university in D.C.
All were proposed
bylet
Hamilton
& of
1st significant
Jefferson
the
charter
Henry
Clay’s
American
System
opposed
the 1790s
protective
tariffby Republicans
the 1st BUS in
expire
in 1811
in U.S.
history
Henry
Clay’s American System in
1816 proposed the creation of:
– The 2nd Bank of the U.S. to
stabilize U.S. currency
Helped pave the way for future RR
– Tariff of&1816
to promote
U.S.
construction
western
Indian removal
industry & limit the importation
of British manufactured goods
– A nat’l system of roads & canals
The “American System” helped
unify North, South, & West
Judicial Nationalism
John Marshall (1801-1835) used
the Supreme Court to strengthen
the power of the national gov’t:
– Exerted the power of the
national gov’t over the states
– Rejected the claim that states
could check powers of the
national gov’ t
– Affirmed the loose construction
argument of the elastic clause
Judicial Nationalism
Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819):
gov’t cannot interfere with
contracts between private parties
McCullough v. Maryland (1819):
Congress possesses powers not
explicitly stated in Constitution;
Congressional laws are supreme
to decisions made by the states
Gibbons v. Odgen (1824):
interstate commerce is power
reserved for national gov’t
President
Monroe &Foreign
Sec of State
JQ Adams
Nationalist
Policy
developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda
The Convention of 1818 set the
US/Canada Treaty
border (1817):
set at theto49º
Rush-Bagot
avoid conflicts
along the Great Lakes, the U.S. agreed not to
take Canada & Britain not to invade the U.S
Nationalist Foreign Policy
Monroe & JQ Adams turned their
attention to
acquiring
Florida:
Also,
Spain assumed
Florida
eventually
annexed
– Andrewwould
Jackson
took be
it upon
himself
to end
Indian
on
U.S. agreed
to pay
Spainattacks
$5 million
& renounced
claims toFlorida
Texas
Georgia
from Spanish
– Jackson’s military advances &
U.S. success in the War of 1812
helped force the Adams-Onis
Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida
& Oregon to U.S.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Nationalist Foreign Policy
The U.S. will protect Latin
When independence
Latin American nations
American
revolted
against
Spain,
the U.S.
The U.S.
will act
independently
&
supported
the its
new
republics:
will protect
sphere
of influence
– European powers disliked these
liberal rebellions & were tempted
to re-conquer them
– Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned
European nations to stay out of
the Western Hemisphere & the
U.S. will not interfere in Europe
Sectionalism in the
Era of Good Feelings
The
end of the War
settled in the West
Settlement
of theMany
Trans-Mississippi
of 1812 unleashed
to escape
a rush of pioneers
overpopulation, rising
into the western
land prices, & worn-out
territories
soil in the East
The 2nd BUS made credit
available for farmers to
purchase land
Settlement
theU.S.
Trans-Mississippi
By
1810, 1/7th of the
population lived in
rd lived in the West
the
West;
By
1840
over
1/3
Congress quickly admitted
5 states to the Union:
Indiana (1816)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Louisiana (1812)
Sectional Disputes
The Era of Good Feelings started
with a wave of national unity, but
sectional disputes between the
North & South emerged & would
dominate politics for next 40 years
– Disagreed over the use of
protective tariffs, especially
when cotton prices fell in 1820s
– Disagreed over slavery in the
western territories & states
Population
was growing
more rapidly in
Missouri
Compromise
North, so House of Reps favored Northerners
In 1817, Missouri applied for
statehood as a slave state &
NY rep Tallmadge
wantedrivalries:
Missouri
revealed
U.S. sectional
only if its state constitution provided for
– North
resented
Southern
control
the gradual
elimination
of slavery
of presidency & its 3/5-inflated
representation in House of Reps
– South feared a Northern
conspiracy to end all slavery
– Equality had been maintained by
alternating admission of “free” &
“slave” states added to the US
American Slave Population, 1790-1820
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Missouri Compromise (1820):
– Missouri became a slave state
– Maine (which broke from Mass)
was admitted as free state
– Slavery was banned elsewhere
in the Louisiana Purchase above
the latitude of 36°30'
The Missouri controversy exposed
a deep rift between North & South
Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821
Conclusions
The “Era of Good Feelings” led to:
– An improved American economy
– Better transportation
– More territory & more clearly-
defined borders
– A foreign policy in Latin America
– But…sectional problems
between the North & South
Discussion Questions
Both Alexander Hamilton &
John Marshall were Federalists
who believed in a strong national
gov’t. Who was more influential in
shaping American history? Explain
Which policy will be more
important in U.S. history: Monroe’s
foreign OR domestic policy?
Essential Question:
–How did U.S. foreign policy
change from the presidencies
of Washington to Monroe?
RQ Ch 10B (328-340)
American Foreign
Policy Activity