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Chapter 6:
Early Adulthood
Module 6.1
Physical Development
in Early Adulthood
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Physical Development and the
Senses
•
•
•
•
•
Physical development and maturation
complete
Peak of physical capabilities
Brain wave patterns show more mature
patterns
Senses are peak
Most professional athletes at peak during
early adulthood
316
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Motor Functioning, Fitness, and
Health: Staying Well
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Physical Fitness
•
•
•
Superior physical capabilities require
exercise and diet
No more than 10% Americans exercise
enough to keep themselves in good
physical shape
Less than 20% participate in moderate
exercise on regular basis
317
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Benefits of Exercise
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Cardiovascular fitness increase
Lung capacity increases, raising endurance
Stronger muscles and greater flexibility
Greater range of movement
More elasticity in muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Reduction in osteoporosis
Optimization of immune response
Decreased stress level
Increased sense of control over their bodies and
feeling of accomplishment
317
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One of the Best Pay-Offs:
Longevity
Greater fitness level = lower the death rate
317
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Health
•
Leading causes of death among young
adults (ages 25-34) are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Accidents
AIDS
Cancer
Heart disease
Suicide
Murder
Gender and SES differences
318
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Secondary Aging
• Lifestyle decisions, including the use—or
abuse—of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs or
engaging in unprotected sex, can hasten
secondary aging
• This can also increase a young adult’s risk
of dying
318
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Violence and Death: Tracking
Murder
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
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318
Review and Apply
REVIEW
• By young adulthood, the body and the senses are at
their peak, but growth still proceeds, particularly in the
brain.
• Young adults are generally as fit and healthy as they will
ever be. Accidents present the greatest risk of death.
• In the United States, violence is also a significant risk
during young adulthood, particularly for non-White
males.
320
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Review and Apply
APPLY
• What factors do you think contribute to the
comparatively high risk of automobile accidents
during young adulthood? How can this be
changed?
320
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Eating, Nutrition, and Obesity
• Most young adults know which foods are
healthy, but ignore good nutrition
– Physical growth begins to decline
– Calorie reduction necessary
320
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Age and Obesity
322
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Physical Disabilities in Young Adulthood:
Coping With Physical Challenge
•
Some 50+ million Americans are physically
challenged
–
•
Fewer than 10% of people with major handicaps
have finished high school
Fewer than 25% of disabled men and 15% of
disabled women work full time
–
Adults with handicaps are often unemployed, or
stuck in routine, low-paying jobs
322
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Barriers: Discrimination and
Prejudice
•
•
Despite Americans with Disabilities Act
(1990), many older buildings are inaccessible
to wheelchairs
Prejudice and discrimination affect
way disabled people think of themselves
– Pity, avoidance
– Treating adults as children
– Seeing disabled person as a category
rather than individual
322
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Review and Apply
REVIEW
• Even in young adulthood, health must be
maintained by proper diet and exercise. Obesity
is increasingly a problem for young adults.
• People with physical disabilities face not only
physical barriers but also psychological barriers
caused by prejudice.
322
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Review and Apply
APPLY
• What developmental factors make it hard for
young adults to understand that they may have
to change their eating habits and personal
choices?
322
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Understanding Stress
• What is Stress?
– A nonspecific response of
the body to any demand
made on it;
– the arousal, both physical
and mental, to situations or
events that we perceive as
threatening or challenging.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
20
Stress and Coping in Early
Adulthood
•
STRESS: Response to events that threaten or
challenge an individual
•
Pleasant events and unpleasant events
•
Long-term, continuous exposure may result in
a reduction of body's ability to deal with stress
323
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Lazarus and Folkman
•
People move through series of stages
that determine whether or not they will
experience stress
– PRIMARY APPRAISAL (determine
whether event is positive or negative or
neutral)
– SECONDARY APPRAISAL (assessment
of own capabilities and resources to deal
with problem)
323
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Understanding Stress:
Sources of Stress
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
23
Predicting Stressful Event
(Shelly Taylor, 1991)
•
•
•
•
Negative emotions are more likely to
produce stress
Uncontrollable or unpredictable
situations are more likely to produce
stress
Ambiguous and confusing situations
produce more stress
Simultaneously tasks demands are more
likely to experience stress
323
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Stress and Illness
• Walter Cannon observed that, in
response to stress, the sympathetic
nervous system activates the secretion
of stress hormones, triggers increased
heart rate and respiration, diverts blood
to skeletal muscles, and releases sugar
and fat from the body’s stores, all to
prepare the body for either “fight or
flight.”
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Figure 14.2 Stress appraisal
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Understanding Stress: Effects of
Stress
Sympathetic
Nervous
System
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
HPA Axis
27
Understanding Stress: Effects of
Stress (Continued)
• Stress and the HPA Axis:
• Prolonged elevation of cortisol is related to:
– increased depression, memory problems,
etc.
– impaired immune system, which leaves the
body vulnerable to disease.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
28
Understanding Stress:
Effects of Stress (Continued)
• Selye’s
General
Adaptation
Syndrome
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
29
Health and Stress Management
(Continued)
• Our emotional
reaction to stress
largely depends
on how we
interpret it.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
30
Style, Stress, & Health
• In comparison to pessimists,
optimists report less fatigue, have
fewer aches and pains, and
respond to stress with smaller
increases in blood pressure.
• Optimists also tend to outlive
pessimists. Laughter (but not
hostile sarcasm) may reduce
stress and strengthen the immune
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Social Support & Stress
• Feeling liked, affirmed, and
encouraged by intimate friends and
family promotes both happiness
and health.
• People with supportive friends and
marriage partners eat better,
exercise more, sleep better, and
smoke less; thus they cope with
stress more effectively.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Social Support & Stress
• Social support strengthens
immune functioning, calms the
cardiovascular system, and lowers
blood pressure.
• Even companionable pets help
people cope with stressful events.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Aerobic Exercise & Stress
• Aerobic exercise, sustained
exercise that increases heart and
lung fitness, can reduce stress,
depression, and anxiety.
• It strengthens the heart, increases
blood flow, keeps blood vessels
open, and lowers both blood
pressure and the blood pressure
reaction to stress.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Aerobic Exercise & Stress
• Research has linked aerobic
exercise to higher levels of
neurotransmitters that boost
moods, to enhanced cognitive
abilities, and to the growth of new
brain cells in mice.
• One estimate suggests that
moderate exercise adds two years
to one’s expected life.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Consequences of Stress
•
PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
•
COPING
324
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Styles of Coping
•
•
•
•
Problem-focused coping (directly
managing the threat, attempt to change the
situation)
Emotion-focused coping (regulating
emotional reaction, telling yourself it will be
ok, not so bad)
Social support coping (relying on others
to help)
Defense coping involves (unconscious
strategies that distort or deny the true
problem)
325
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Hardiness, Resilience, and
Coping
• Hardiness is a personality characteristic
associated with lower rate of stress-related
illness
• Resilience is ability to withstand,
overcome, and actually thrive following
profound adversity
326
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Informed Consumer of
Development
Coping with Stress: General Guidelines
• Seek control over the situation producing the
stress
• Redefine “threat” as “challenge”
• Find social support
• Use relaxation techniques
327
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW
• Stress, which is a healthy reaction in small doses, can
be harmful to body and mind if it is frequent or longlasting.
• Long-term exposure to stressors may cause
deterioration in the heart, blood vessels, and other body
tissues. Stress is linked to many common ailments.
• Strategies for coping with stress include problemfocused coping, emotion-focused coping, the use of
social support, and defensive coping.
328
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
APPLY
• In what circumstances can stress be an
adaptive, helpful response? In what
circumstances is it maladaptive?
328
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.