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Chapter 2: Infancy

Module 2.2

Cognitive Development in Infancy

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

PIAGET’S APPROACH TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Key Elements of Piaget’s Theory

•

Action = Knowledge

• Four universal stages in fixed order • Development = physical maturation

and

exposure to relevant experiences • Schemes adapt and change

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At each stage, child’s mind develops in a new way from simple to complex

Organization:

tendency to create increasingly complex cognitive structures (system of knowledge; ways of thinking that incorporate more and more accurate images of reality

Schemas:

organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation.

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

What principles underlie this cognitive growth?

• Assimilation • Accommodation

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Adaptation

: how children handle new information in light of what they already know

Assimilation

: taking new information and incorporating it into

existing

cognitive structures (sucking on sippie cup versus breats)

Accommodation

adjusting

one’s cognitive structures to fit new information (sipping from cup/glass, changes how uses tongue/mouth)

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Earliest Stage of Cognitive Growth

Sensorimotor Period • Invariant order of stages • Individual differences in rate • Transitions include characteristics of both stages

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A Closer Look

•

Substage 1: Simple Reflexes

First month of life – Various various inborn reflexes • At center of a baby’s physical and cognitive life • Determine nature of infant’s interactions with world – At the same time, some of reflexes begin to accommodate the infant’s experiences

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A Closer Look

Substage 2: First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions

1 to 4 months of age • Beginning of coordination of what were separate actions into single, integrated activities. • Activities that engage baby’s interests are repeated simply for sake of continuing to experience it – Circular reaction – Primary circular reaction

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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

A Closer Look

Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions

• 4 to 8 months of age • Child begins to act upon outside world • Infants now seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments that are produced through chance activities

Secondary circular reactions

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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

A Closer Look

Substage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

8 months to 12 months • Beginning of

goal-directed behavior

– Several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate single act to solve problem – Means to attain particular ends and skill in anticipating future circumstances due in part to

object permanence

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Come out, come out, wherever you are!

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Object Permanence

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A Closer Look

Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions

12 to 18 months • Development of schemes regarding deliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences • Carrying out miniature experiments to observe consequences

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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

A Closer Look

Substage 6: Beginnings of Thought

18 months to 2 years • Capacity for mental representation or symbolic thought – Mental representation – Understanding causality – Ability to pretend – Deferred imitation

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Assessing Piagetian Theory

PROS • Descriptions of child cognitive development accurate in many ways – Piaget was pioneering figure in field of development – Children learn by acting on environment – Broad outlines of sequence of cognitive development and increasing cognitive accomplishments are generally accurate CONS • Substantial disagreement over validity of theory and many of its specific predictions – Stage conception questioned – Connection between motor development and cognitive development exaggerated – Object permanence can occur earlier under certain conditions – Onset of age of imitation questioned – Cultural variations not considered

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Review and Apply

REVIEW

• Piaget’s theory of human cognitive development involves a succession of stages through which children progress from birth to adolescence.

• As infants move from one stage to another, the way they understand the world changes.

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Review and Apply

REVIEW

• The sensorimotor stage, from birth to about 2 years, involves a gradual progression through simple reflexes, single coordinated activities, interest in the outside world, purposeful combinations of activities, manipulation of actions to produce desired outcomes, and symbolic thought. The sensorimotor stage has six substages.

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Review and Apply

APPLY

• Think of a common young children’s toy with which you are familiar. How might its use be affected by the principles of assimilation and accommodation?

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INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACHES TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

What is information-processing?

• Identifies the way that individuals take in, store, and use information • Involves quantitative changes in ability to organize and manipulate information • Increases sophistication, speed, and capacity in information processing characterizes cognitive growth • Focuses on types of “mental programs” used when seeking to solve problems

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What are the foundations of the IP approach?

Encoding —storage—retrieval

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How does cognition compute?

• Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

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What automatic processes are being engaged as you listen to this lecture?

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Automatization

• Degree to which activity requires attention • Helps with initial encounters with stimuli through easy and automatic information processing

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What do you think?

Infants cannot remember

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Memory Capabilities in Infancy

Getting a kick out of that!

• Kicking research demonstrates increase with age in memory capacities

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How long do memories last?

• Researchers disagree on the age from which memories can be retrieved – Early studies  infantile amnesia – Myers  clear evidence of early memory • Physical trace of a memory in brain appears to be relatively permanent – Memories may not be easily, or accurately, retrieved

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What role does language play in determining the way early memories are recalled?

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

So…

do

infants remember?

• Theoretical possibility for interfered memories to remain intact from a very young • Most cases memories of personal experiences in infancy do not last into adulthood • Memories of personal experience seem not to become

accurate

before age 18 to 24 months

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Individual Differences in Intelligence

Information-Processing Approaches • Infant information-processing speed may correlate most strongly with later intelligence

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What is infant intelligence?

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Do, Re, Me…..Intelligence!

Developmental Scales • Gesell: – Developmental quotient – Performance compared at different ages for significant variation from norms of given age – Four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, personal-social

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Table 2-7

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Are developmental scales useful?

YES • Provide a good snapshot of current developmental level • Provide objective assessment of behavior relative to norms NO • Do not provide good prediction for future development

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What characterizes a “fast” baby?

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

And so…what does IP research reveal?

• Relationship between information processing efficiency and cognitive abilities – Correlate moderately well with later measures of intelligence – More efficient information processing during the 6 months following birth is related to higher intelligence scores between 2 and 12 years of age and other measures of cognitive competence

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Assessing the IP Approach

PROS • Often uses more precise measures of cognitive ability • Critical in providing information about infant cognition CONS • Precision makes it more difficult to get overall sense of cognitive development

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From Research to Practice

•

Taking the Einstein Out of Baby Einstein

Kaiser Family Foundation Report

–

Marketing of educational media for infants is far outpaced by research on its effectiveness

–

Correlational studies

–

Company reluctance to test claims 119 Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Beyond (or creating) Teletubbies!

What does the research reveal?

• Effect on language learning – Infants do not learn language from rote repetition; social interaction and context needed

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What constitutes appropriate use of educational media for infants?

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Review and Apply

REVIEW

• Information processing approaches consider quantitative changes in children’s abilities to organize and use information. Cognitive growth is regarded as the increasing sophistication of encoding, storage, and retrieval.

• Infants clearly have memory capabilities from a very early age, although the duration and accuracy of such memories are unresolved questions.

• Traditional measures of infant intelligence focus on behavioral attainments, which can help identify developmental delays or advances.

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Review and Apply

APPLY

• What information from this module could you use to refute the claims of books or educational programs that promise to help parents increase their babies’ intelligence or instill advanced intellectual skills in infants? Based on valid research, what approaches would you use for intellectual development of infants?

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THE ROOTS OF LANGUAGE

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

From Sounds to Symbols

Fundamentals of Language

• Phonology • Morphemes • Semantics • Comprehension and production

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Another Look – Comprehension Precedes Production

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Early Sounds and Communication Prelinguistic Communication

• Babbling – Universal – Repetition of sounds

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See what I say…

Infants with hearing impairments • Babble with hands instead of voices • Gestural and verbal babbling activate same neural centers

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What comes after “ba-ba-ba-ba”?

Progression from Simple to Complex • Exposure to speech sounds of particular language initially do not influence babbling – At 6 months babbling reflects of language of culture – Distinguishable from other language babbling • Combinations of sounds and gestures used to communicate

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First Words

• Increase at rapid rate – 10 to 14 months = first word – 15 months = 10 words – 18 months = one-word stage ends – 16 to 24 months = language explosion equally 50 to 400 words

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First Sentences

• First sentences created around 8 to 12 months after first words • Indicate understanding of labels and relationships between these • Often observations rather than demands • Use order similar to adult speech with missing words – Telegraphic speech

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Telegraphic Speech Revealed

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How does proficiency in language occur?

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Origins of Language Development

Learning Theory Approaches: Language as a Learned Skill

• Language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning • Through the process of

shaping

, language becomes more and more similar to adult speech

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Counter-Arguments to Learning Theory Approach

• Does not adequately explain how children readily learn rules of language • Does not account for how children move beyond specific heard utterances to produce novel phrases, sentences and constructions • Does not explain how young children can apply linguistic rules to nonsense words

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Origins of Language Development

Nativist Approaches: Language as an Innate Skill

• Genetically determined, innate mechanism that directs the development of language • Children are born with innate capacity to use language, which emerges, more or less automatically, due to maturation.

– Chomsky’s universal grammar and LAD

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Assessing Chomsky’s Approach

PRO • Specific gene related to speech production identified • Language processing in infant brain structures similar to those in adult speech processing

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Assessing Chomsky’s Approach

CON • Uniqueness of speech countered by primate researchers • Even with genetic priming, language use still requires significant social experience to be used effectively

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Origins of Language Development

Interactionist Approaches: Language as a Social Device

• Specific course of language development is determined by the language to which children are exposed and reinforcement they receive for using language in particular ways • Social factors are key to development

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Let’s Pretend

Turn to a classmate. One of you is a 8-month-old infant; the other is a parent.

As the parent, ask your “infant” classmate:

“Would you like a cookie?”

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

How does this speech change?

• Infant-directed speech changes as children become older – Around the end of the first year, takes on more adult like qualities – Sentences become longer and more complex, although individual words are still spoken slowly and deliberately – Pitch used to focus attention on important words

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Does Cootsy-Coo Work?

Infant-directed speech plays an important role in infants’ acquisition of language – Occurs all over the world, though there are cultural variations – Preferred by newborns – Babies who are exposed to a infant-directed speech early in life seem to begin to use words and exhibit other forms of linguistic competence earlier

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Developmental Diversity

Do people everywhere say “ba-ba-boo” to their infants?

• Words differ but ways spoken are similar • Basic similarities across cultures and in some facets of language specific to particular types of interactions • Quantity of speech differ by cultures

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What then do these similarities in infant-directed speech mean?

Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman

Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development

•

Based upon findings of developmental researchers, infant cognitive development may be promoted by:

Providing infants the opportunity to explore the world

•

Being responsive to infants on both a verbal and a nonverbal level

• Asking questions, listening to their responses, and providing further communication •

Reading to infants

•

Keeping in mind that you don’t have to be with an infant 24 hours a day

•

Not pushing infants and don’t expect too much too soon

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Review and Apply

REVIEW

• Before they speak, infants understand many adult utterances and engage in several forms of prelinguistic communication.

• Children typically produce their first words between 10 and 14 months, and rapidly increase their vocabularies from that point on, especially during a spurt at about 18 months.

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Review and Apply

REVIEW

• Learning theorists believe that basic learning processes account for language development, whereas nativists like Noam Chomsky and his followers argue that humans have an innate language capacity. The interactionists suggest that language is a consequence of both environmental and innate factors.

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Review and Apply

APPLY

• What are some ways in which children’s linguistic development reflects their acquisition of new ways of interpreting and dealing with their world?

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Feldman_Module_2_2_f.. - Forensicconsultation.org

Transcript Feldman_Module_2_2_f.. - Forensicconsultation.org

Chapter 2: Infancy

PIAGET’S APPROACH TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Key Elements of Piaget’s Theory

What principles underlie this cognitive growth?

Earliest Stage of Cognitive Growth

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

Substage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions

A Closer Look

Come out, come out, wherever you are!

Object Permanence

A Closer Look

A Closer Look

Assessing Piagetian Theory

Review and Apply

Review and Apply

REVIEW

Review and Apply

INFORMATION-PROCESSING APPROACHES TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

What is information-processing?

What are the foundations of the IP approach?

How does cognition compute?

What automatic processes are being engaged as you listen to this lecture?

Automatization

What do you think?

Memory Capabilities in Infancy

How long do memories last?

What role does language play in determining the way early memories are recalled?

So…

do

infants remember?

Individual Differences in Intelligence

What is infant intelligence?

Do, Re, Me…..Intelligence!

Table 2-7

Are developmental scales useful?

What characterizes a “fast” baby?

And so…what does IP research reveal?

Assessing the IP Approach

From Research to Practice

Beyond (or creating) Teletubbies!

What constitutes appropriate use of educational media for infants?

Review and Apply

Review and Apply

THE ROOTS OF LANGUAGE

From Sounds to Symbols

Another Look – Comprehension Precedes Production

Early Sounds and Communication Prelinguistic Communication

See what I say…

What comes after “ba-ba-ba-ba”?

First Words

First Sentences

Telegraphic Speech Revealed

How does proficiency in language occur?

Origins of Language Development

Counter-Arguments to Learning Theory Approach

Origins of Language Development

Assessing Chomsky’s Approach

Assessing Chomsky’s Approach

Origins of Language Development

Let’s Pretend

How does this speech change?

Does Cootsy-Coo Work?

Developmental Diversity

What then do these similarities in infant-directed speech mean?

Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development

Review and Apply

REVIEW

Review and Apply

Review and Apply

APPLY

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