Transcript PowerPoint-Präsentation

Conflicts between Recreational Use
and Nature Conservation
in National Parks and Biosphere Reserves
– examples from Germany and Austria
Dr. habil. Karen Ziener
Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt
28.11./29.11.2012
Content
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims,
Examples
terms
2. Study areas in Germany and Austria
(resp. Hungary)
3. Modelling of the field of conflict
“recreational use – nature conservation”
Examples
in a region
4. Basic points of a conflict strategy for
national parks and biosphere reserves
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Examples
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
2
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
tourism as
economic sector
supply and demand
tourism companies
tourism associations
recreational and
tourism planning
Types of holiday
makers
“hybrid tourist“
Naherholung
holidays
outings/excursions
recreation/leisure
activities as
Grunddaseinsfunktion
recreational
potential
recreational
suitabilitiy
touristic facilities
species and
habitat protection
(Red Lists)
habitat
connectivity
partnership?
landscape
oriented
tourism
user groups
leisure sports
association
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
nature
conservation
authorities
conservationist
organisations
Modern
nature
protection
conflicts?
leisure activities
protection of
natural processes
preservation and
development of
cultural landscapes
protected
areas
natura 2000
landscape planning
on different
spatial levels
national parks
protection through
utilisation
biosphere
reservese
own compilation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
3
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
conflicts between recreational use
and nature conservation
a lot of studies about
 impact of tourism / recreation / leisure
activities on nature and landscape
social-science
conflict research
 discussion about contrast and compatibility
of nature conservation and utilisation of
conflicts in national parks and
nature
but not analysed were
biosphere reserves
 contentions
 types of conflict / systematisation
 relations between conflicts
Ziener, 2003, p. 8 ff.
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
4
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
conflicts between recreational use
and nature conservation
social-science
conflict research
broad research about
 emergence, dynamic, management,
conflicts in national parks and
effects of conflicts
biosphere reserves
but in other fields of research
 family
 company / organisation
Ziener, 2003, p. 8 ff.
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
5
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
conflicts between recreational use
and nature conservation
social-science
conflict research
conflicts in national parks and
biosphere reserves
studies about
 functional analysis of land use conflicts
 acceptance research instead of conflict
research
no/scarce information about the
 specific conflicts in (NP) and (BR)
 importance of conflicts for their development
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Ziener, 2003, p. 8 ff.
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
6
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
National Parks (4) and
Biosphere Reserves (6)
in the Czech Republic
Národní park
Biosférická rezervace
České Švýcarsko
Křivoklátsko (1977)
Krkonoše National
Třeboňsko (1977)
Šumava
Pálava (1986)
 Dolní Morava (2003, extended)
Podyjí
Šumava (1990)
(cross-border cooperation with
neighbouring national parks)
Krkonoše/Karkonosze (1992, transboundary)
Bílé Karpaty (1996)
Source: NP České Švýcarsko, UNESCO, Ministry of the Environment,
Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí ČR, CHKO Pálava, CHKO Třeboňsko
Photo: NP České Švýcarsko, CHKO Třeboňsko
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
7
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
National Parks
(IUCN)
Biosphere Reserves
(UNESCO)
Protection of near-natural landscapes
(nature reserves),
low man-made impact, ecological balance
(no economic utilisation, only own/internal
dynamics), protection of natural processes
Preservation of near-natural and historical
cultural landscapes (protected landscape),
protection, preservation and development of
ecosystems with participation of locals
(models of sustainable development)
”Natur Natur sein lassen”
”Schutz durch Nutzung”
basic conflict through education and
recreation  minimizing of conflict
consensus-oriented  avoiding of conflicts
between different user groups
Large area,
settlements mostly not included
Large area,
villages and towns are integrated
Zones with different levels of nature
conservation (high percentage of core areas
and nature reserves)
Zones with different protection levels (inner
zones nature reserve, outer zones partly
protected landscape partly no protected area)
National Park Management
partly Biosphere Reserve Management
Ecosystem research
Research of Human-Environment Relations
(Man and Biosphere Programme)
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
8
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
Approaches
Connection between landscape oriented / spatial planning perspectives
and activity-oriented as well as conflict oriented perspectives
 creation of a complex scientific view on these conflicts
Application / Adaption of social science conflict research
in the field of conflict recreational use – nature conservation
 What is a conflict?
Structuring of this very complex field of conflict
– the totality of all these conflicts and the connections among them, in a
region (systemic view).
Analysis of conflict experiences in different study areas (national park and
biosphere reserve regions) – general tendencies and regional specific
Combination of different perspective and variety of methods
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
9
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
Aims
Modelling of the field of conflict recreational use – nature conservation in
national parks and biosphere reserves
which can reduce the complexity and
integrate different conflict perspectives
Basic points of a regional conflict strategy for protected area management
which integrates potential conflicts and their effects
into planning and management and
enables flexible actions in conflict situations
 What is a conflict?
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
10
1. Theoretical Basics – approaches, aims, terms
Conception of conflict
in science and spatial planning
Conflict definition
in social sciences (social psychology)
contrast / area of tension between nature
conservation and utilisation which based on
the impact of tourism and recreational use
on nature and landscape
two elements are contrary or incompatible
conflicts are analysed as
overlapping of ecological and land use
attributes of landscape
contentions between at least two persons
respectively parties
conflict consists of subjects, the conflict
parties, and at least one object, the conflict
object
 opposite between persons
 contrast (problem)
no one-sided solution,
but through the actions of conflict parties
solution as mainly task of nature
conservation and spatial planning
Integration
landscape or
space oriented
own compilation
conflict potentials
the still dormant conflict parties
and the conflict object
spatial conflict
potential
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
personal and situational
conflict potential
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
11
2. Study areas in Germany and Austria (resp. Hungary)
 different landscapes from the Baltic Sea in
the north to the Pannonian Bassin
Rügen
 Tourism regions and destinations of outing
Harz
 legal, planning, political factores of
the different provinces and states
 old and new federal states in
Germany
Spreewald
 national parks and biosphere
reserves
Rhön
 different biosphere reserve concepts
Neusiedler See / Fertö
Donauauen
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
own compilation
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
12
Germany
Rügen
2. Study areas in Germany and
Austria (resp. Hungary)
Harz
Spreewald
Rhön
Austria
Donauauen
Neusiedler
See / Fertő
Source:
Nationale
Naturlandschaften
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Source:
Nationalparks
Austria
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
13
3. Modelling of the field of conflict “recreational use – nature conservation”
macro-analysis
inductive
further
developed
micro-analysis
conflict process
and resolution
spatial conflict
potential
deductive
applied
conflict types
macro-/microanalysis
inductive
new
macro-/microanalysis
conflict
connections
spatial related
concepts
deductive /
inductive
linked
mainly
macro-analysis
deductive / inductive
new
ZIENER 2003, p. 46, modified
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
14
3.1 Spatial conflict potential
(landscape and utilisation attributes)

A landscape is evaluated as being both worth protecting and
attractive for recreation and leisure-time activities.
general view

An unfavourable relationship exists between the sensitivity of a
landscape and the intensity of its use for recreation and leisure-time
activities.
ecological view

Demands on using the area by those seeking recreation and leisure
activity, are opposed to restrictions resulting from nature protection.
user’s view
delimitation of Potential conflict areas (GIS)
ZIENER 2003, p. 66-68
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
15
3.1
Spatial conflict potential
Abb. C2-1
Schutzwürdigkeit und landschaftliche Attraktivität im Spreew ald und im
Landkreis Rügen / obere Bewertungsebene
Abb. C2-3 Schutzwürdigkeit un d landschaftliche Attraktivität in der Rhön /
obere Bewertungsebene
Bios ph ären reservat Rh ön
worthiness of protection
> < attractivity for recreation
B R S p r e e wa l d
Lü b b e n
Ba d S alzu ng en
#
#
#
#
Lü b b e n a u
Meining en
#
Fuld a
#
Co ttb u s
G e wä s se r
0
10 k m
Natu rpark
Hessisch e R hön
NP V o r p o mm e r sch e B o d d e n la n d sch a ft
#
Ba d Ne usta dt
ho c h gr a d ig sc h u tzwü r d ig
sch u tzw ü rd i g
#
tei lw e ise s ch u tzw ür d ig
Ba d K issinge n
NP J a sm u n d
attr a kti v
LS G O str ü g e n
vg l. T a b. C 2 - 1 u n d C 2 -5
Be rg en
Natu rpark
Haßb erge
ho c h attr a kti v
Natu rpark
Ba ye rische Rh ön
0
B R S ü d o st- R ü ge n
#
10 km
Lan desg re nzen
E ur o p ä is ch e s
V og e l sch u tzg e b ie t
0
10 k m
B em e r ku n g :
Im L a n d kr e is Rü g e n wu r d e di e
la n d sch a ftl ich e A ttr a kti vitä t n u r
fü r L a n d b er e ic h e b e s tim m t.
Di e K üs te n str ei fe n si nd e tw a
2 k m b re it.
hochg radig sch utzwü rd ig
hoch att ra ktiv
sch utzwürd ig
attra kt iv
teilw eise schut zwü rdig
vg l. Tab . C2 -1 u nd C2-5
En twurf un d B ea rbeitu ng: K. Zie ner
Ka rt eng rund la ge : A DA C R egion alka rte Sü dde utschlan d, Ko mm un ale V erwa lt ung sgren ze n B ayern 199 4, Hessen
Ve rw altun gsgren ze na usgab e 1 99 4, Ü be rsichtskart e Th ürin ge n 1 994 , Ra hm en ko nzept B io sp hä re nrese rva t R hön 19 95
Entw ur f u nd B ea rbe itung : K . Z ie ne r
Kar te ng run dla ge: M in is te riu m fü r U m w el t, N atur s c hutz und R aum ord nun g (H r s g.): D a ten z ur U m we lts ituatio n im La nd B ra nde nbur g, R egio n La us itz -S pre ew al d, L an des u m w elta m t B ran de nbu rg 1 996 ; L and es v er m es s u ngs a m t M e c k len bur g-V or pom m ern ,
R egi ona les R au m or dnu ng s pro gra m m Vo rpo m m er n 19 98, U m w el ta m t d es La ndk r eis e s R ü gen
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
ZIENER 2003, annex, p. 158, 160
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
16
3.1
K on fl ik tp ote n zi a le
Abb. C2-5
Konfliktpotenziale zwischen der S chutzwürdigkeit und der Erlebniswirksam keit der
K er n zo n e
Schlep
zig
sensiblen Bereiche im
Biosphärenreservat
Spreewald / untere Bewertungsebene
Spatial conflict potential
Zonierung des Biosphärenreservats Spreewald
#
Alt Sc h ado w
#
Alt Sc h ado w
gr o ße s K o nf lik tp o ten
Zonierung
des Biosphärenreservats
Spreewald
Zonierung
des Biosphärenreservats
Spreewald
#
ke in K o n fli ktp o te n zia
sensitivity
> < intensity of use
Alt Sc h ado w
Sc hu tzzo ne
I (K ernz
e),
Zonen
de son
Biosphär
enre serv ats
deihrer
s Biosphär
umf ass t d ie G eb ie te, Zonen
die v ö llig
n atü rlic enre
he n serv ats
Dyn am ik ü be rlas s eSc
n bhu
leibe
(8 ITot
alre son
erv
ate ,
tzzonne
(K ernz
e),
Sceb
huietzzo
ne vI ö(K
ernz
on ne),
1.8 % d er Re s erv ats
f läass
ch e)
umf
t d ie G
te, die
llig
ihrer
atü rlic he n
ie G eb
ie te,
lligate
ihrer
n atü rlic he n
Dyn am ik ü beumf
rlasass
s e nt bdleibe
n (8
Totdie
alrevsöerv
,
Dyn
ikf läüch
bee)
rlas s e n b leibe n (8 Tot alre s erv ate ,
1.8
servam
atsgs
Sc hu tzzo ne II (P fleg
e- %
undder
E nRe
twicklun
zo ne
),
1.8
%
d
er
Re
s
erv
ats
f
lä
ch
e)
die nt de r A bs c hirmu ng de r K ernz on en v or
# Sc hl epz ig
Sc ha de inf lü ss en sowie
derneErh
altun
Sc hu tzzo
II (P
flegge-und
un d E n twicklun gs zo ne ),
Pf le ge la ndsc h aft stdie
ypnt
iscde
he r Vielfa
lt tzzo
(23 ng
NS de
G ,(P
A bsc
hirmu
r fleg
K ernz
Sc hu
ne
II
e- on
unen
d Evnor
twicklun gs zo ne ),
# Sc hl epz ig
18.6 % der Reserv a
tsha
fläc
Sc
dehe
inf) lü ss
ennt sowie
Erh altun
die
de r A der
bs c hirmu
ng gdeund
r K ernz on en v or
# Sc hl epz ig
Schlep zig
Lüb ben
Pf le ge la ndsc
aftde
st yp
heen
r Vielfa
lt (23
G , altun g und
Schha
infisc
lü ss
sowie
derNSErh
g ihrer n atü rlic he n
18.6 % der Reserv
heh)aft st yp isc he r Vielfa lt (23 NS G ,
Pf le gea ts
lafläc
ndsc
(8 Tot alre serv ate ,
Sc hu tzzo ne III (Harm on isc he K ulturlan dsc ha ft),
18.6 % der Reserv a ts fläc he )
in de r sich S chu tz und N utz un g d er N atu r mit
ku lt urelle n Tra ditione
ur harm
is c he nonGa
Scnhuztzzo
ne IIIon(Harm
isc nz
he- K ulturlan dsc ha ft),
n twicklun gszo ne ),
heit v e rb in de n (LS G
% derS Res
e rvund
a ts fläc
heun
) g d er N atu r mit
in, 49.
de r7 sich
chu tz
N utz
Sc hu tzzo ne III (Harm on isc he K ulturlan dsc ha ft),
K ernz on en v or
ku lt urelle n Tra ditione n z ur harm on is c he n Ga nz in de r sich S chu tz und N utz un g d er N atu r mit
Erh altun g und
heit v e rb in de n (LS G , 49. 7 % der Res e rv a ts fläc he )
ku lt urelle n Tra ditione n z ur harm on is c he n Ga nz Vielfa
üb
ben lt (23 NS G ,
heit v e rb in de n (LS G , 49. 7 % der Res e rv a ts fläc he )
Alt Z auc h e
Sc hu tz zo ne IV (Reg ene rie rung szon e),
Strau pitz
in der die d urch u ns ac hm äß ige B ewirtLüb ben
#
Alt #
Z auc h e
sc h aft ung ge s ch ädigt
e Ltzand
sc haf
un ter
Sc hu
zo ne
IV t(Reg
ene rie rung szon e),
Strau pitz
K ulturlan dsc ha ft),
Lüb ben
An wend un g ing enieu
gisc
her uund
in rbio
der lo
die
d urch
ns ac hm äß ige B ewirt#
Alt Z auc h e
Lüb ben
z un g d er N atu r mit
Scädigt
hu tz ezoLne
ene
ök
ote
c
hno
lo
gisch
er
M
eth
ode
n
z
ur
#
sc
h
aft
ung
ge
s
ch
andIVsc(Reg
haf t un
terrie rung szon e),
Strau pitz
arm on is c he n Ga nz inenieu
der
die
u nsuac
harm on isc he n K ulturlan
ds chaf
e ntw
ick elt
#
An wend
un gt ing
rbio d
lourch
gisc her
ndhm äß ige B ewirtder Res e rv a ts fläche )
#
sc
h
aft
ung
ge
s
ch
ädigt
e
L and sc haf t un ter
wird (LS G , 2 9.9 % ök
d er
Rceserv
sf lä che)
ote
hno loatgisch
er M eth ode n z ur
wend un
ing tenieu
lo gisc her u nd
harm on isc he n An
K ulturlan
dsgchaf
e ntw rbio
ick elt
ök%
oted cerhno
lo gisch
eth ode n z ur
wird (LS G , 2 9.9
R eserv
at sferläM
che)
harm on isc he n K ulturlan
chafau
t e ntw ick elt
Lübdsben
#
Lüb ben au
Schu tzzo ne IV (Reg
ene
wird (LS G , 2 9.9 % d er R eserv at sf lä che)
Leip
e rie rung szon e),
in der die d urch u nsachm äß ige B ewirt- Bur g
#
Lüb ben au
Be me rk u ng: B ei V erg le ic he n m it a nde ren B io sp hä re nsc h aft ung ge
sch ädigt e L and sc haf t unLeip
ter e
re serv ate n w erde n d ie Sch utzzo ne n II I u nd IV häu fig z ur
Bur g
An wend un g ing enieu rbio lo gisc her u nd
En twick lun gs zo ne Be
z us
am
ng efa
u nd
- ren B io sp hä re n#
Lüb
ben
au
me
rkme
u ng:
B eis stV erg
le icdie
he nSc
mhu
it tz
a nde
ök ote c hno lo gisch er M eth ode n zur
Leip e
R add us c h
zon e I I n ur als P fleg
oneate
aunsg
reez
serv
w ewies
erde nedn.
ie Sch utzzo ne n II I u nd IV häu fig z ur
# dschaf t e ntw ick elt
#
harm on isc he n K ulturlan
Bur g
W e rbe n
En twick lun gs zo
usuam
s st leuicnd
tz -ren B io sp hä re nBene
mezrk
ng:meBng
ei efa
V erg
he ndie
m itScahu
nde
wird (LS G , 2 9.9 % d er R eservat sf lä che)
Lüb ben au
R add us c h
zon e I I n ur alsrePserv
fleg ez
one
sg ewies
n. utzzo ne n II I u nd IV häu fig z ur
#
ate
n wau
erde
n d ie eSch
#
W e rbe n
Vets c ha u
En
En twurf un d B ea rbeitu ng: K . Zien
ertwick lun gs zo ne z us am me ng efa s st u nd die Sc hu tz R add us c h
e I Sp
I n ur
als ld
P fleg
ez one au sg ewies e n.
#
Ka rt eng#
rund la ge : B ios ph ären re szon
ervat
reewa
20 00
Erlebn iswirksam ke it
Vets c ha u
Wro
e rbe
n ng
Qu elle : Ve
rdnu
r Fes
tzea
ung
de s ng:
Biosp
Enzu
twurf
untsde B
rbeitu
K .häre
Zienner
re serv ate s S pree wald
990rund
un dlaLge
and
haf
rahmreen
hr ld h
mitte l
einge Ka rt1eng
: Bs cios
phtsären
s ervat
reewa
20och
00
Schu
tzwürdigke
itplan Spse
0
5 km
Be me rk u ng: B ei V erg le iche n m it a nde ren B io sp hä re nBios ph ären res erv atQu
S elle
pree: wald
998 ng zu r Fes ts e tz ung de s Biosp
Ve ro1rdnu
nVets c ha u
re serv ate n w erde n d ie Sch utzzo ne n II I u nd IV häu fig zur
h häre
schrä nkt
En twurf un d B ea rbeitu ng: hoc
K . Zien
er
re serv ate s S pree wald 1 990 un d L and s c haf ts rahm en planErlebn iswirksam ke it
En twick lun gs zo ne zus am me ng efa sst u nd die Sc hu tz0
5 km
Ka rt eng rund la ge : B ios ph ären re s ervat Tota
Sp reewa
20 t00
lreseldrva
Bios ph ären res erv
at
S pree
1 998
zon e I I n ur als P fleg ez one au sg ewiese n.
Keelle
rn zo
nero
nwald
h och häre
mitte
Qu
: Ve
rdnu ngSchu
zu rtzwürdigke
Fes ts e tzitung se
dehrs Biosp
n- l einge N achb
arschaft s wirku nge
n
hoch
re
serv
ate
s
S
pree
wald
1
990
un
d
L
and
s
c
haf
ts
rahm
en
plan schrä nkt
0
5 km
Tota lrese rva t
Bios
ph ären
res erv at Ke
S pree
wald
1
998
hochg
radig
rn zo ne n
N achb arschaft swirku nge n
En twurf un d B ea rbeitu ng: K . Zien er
sch utzwürd ig
hochg radig
Ka rt eng rund la ge : B iosph ären re servat Sp reewa ld 20 00
sch
utzwürd
ig
Qu elle : Ve ro rdnu ng zu r Festse tzung de s Biosp häre nsch utzwürd ig
re serv ate s S pree wald 1 990 un d L and schaf tsrahm en plan
sch utzwürd ig
Bios ph ären res erv at S pree wald 1 998
nreservats Spreewald
#
#
worthiness of
protection > <
attractivity for
recreation
K on fl ik tp ote n zi a l
Zonen de s Biosphär enre serv ats
0
5 km
K on fl ik tp ote n zi a le
K er n zo n e
gr o ße s K o nf lik tp o ten zi a l
K on fl ik tp ote n zi a l
ke in K o n fli ktp o te n zia l
0
5 km
#
Core area
#
Managed zone #
Development zone
#
#
Bu rg
#
#
Regeneration zone#
Bu rg
#
#
Qu elle un d K art eng rund la ge: La ndscha f
Qu elle un d K art eng rund la ge: La ndscha ftsra hm enp la n
Spald
reew
998schun
d L and
sch af tspla
BR BR
Sp reew
1 998ald
un d 1
L and
af tsplane
rische
Erho
lu ng sko
nzept
io n nzept
B R S preioewa
ld R
19 95
Erho
lu ng
sko
nB
S pre ewa ld 19 9
ZIENER 2003,
annex p. 162
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
vg l. C2-6
Tab . C2 -2 u nd
vg l. Tab . C2 -2 u nd
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
En twurf un d B ea rbeitu ng: K. Ziene r
En twurf un d B ea rbeitu ng: K. Ziene r
C2-6
17
Don au
Stad tgre nze W ien
3.1
Be we rtung der Ph ytotop e
Spatial conflict potential
se hr sen sib le Bereiche
se nsible Bereiche
sensitivity (Phytotope)
> < intensity of use
(number
visitors)
0
1 800 of
m
wen iger ode r nicht sensible Be re ich e
Abb. C2-18
ke ine Ang abe n
Konfliktpotenziale zwischen der S ensibilität der Landschaft und der Intensität
ihrer Nutzung in der Lobau (N ationalpark Donau-Auen) / untere Bew ertungsebene
vg l. Ta b. C 2-9
Gesamtb esucherza hl an vier Tage n
(ho ch ge rechn et)
169 -
20 00
200 1 400 1 -
4 000
6 000
600 1 -
8 000
Ko nfliktp oten zial
Be su cherza hlen
Se nsibilität
seh r ho ch
übe r 80 00
se hr sen sib el
se nsibel
800 1 - 11 5 79
ho ch
gering b is mittel
4 001 - 80 00
bis 200 0
seh r ho ch
ho ch
h och
hoch
hoch
mittel
Entwurf und Bearbeitung: K. Z iener
Quelle und Kartengr undlage: M agis trat der Stadt W ien, Magistratsabteilung 22 und
ARNBERG ER/BRANDENBURG /CE RMAK/HINT ERBE RGE R 2000
big/low spatial conflict potential
Don au
Stad tgre nze W ien
big/low conflict
Be we rtung der Ph ytotop e
se hr sen sib le Bereiche
se nsible Bereiche
wen iger ode r nicht sensible Be re ich e
ke ine Ang abe n
0
vg l. Ta b. C 2-9
1 800 m
ZIENER 2003, annex p. 181
Gesamtb esucherza hl an vier Tage n
(ho ch ge rechn et)
Ko nfliktp oten zial
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
169 -
20 00
200 1 -
4 000
Se nsibilität
BrnoBeand
Olomouc,
28.11/.29.112012
su cherza
hlen
seh r ho ch
übe r 80 00
ho ch
4 001 - 80 00
gering b is mittel
bis 200 0
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
18
3.2
Conflict process and resolution
Personal and situational conflict potential
related with
missunderstandings
fears
information
participation
deficits
communication
communication
cooperation
resistance
low acceptance
conflicts
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
own compilation
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
19
3.2
Conflict process and resolution
Model of conflict process
according to BERKEL
conflict potentials
(latent conflict)
causal event
Definition of the conflict by the persons involved
(point of contention)
action
of one side
reaction
of the other side
short-term result
(compromise, victory, settlement)
Source:
BERKEL 1997,
S. 40, modified
Long-term consequences,
which increase or reduce the conflict potential
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
20
3.2
Conflict process and resolution
Conflict management stiles
Accommodating /
harmonising
Oriented
on aims
and
interests
of
opposite
side
Collaborating / common
solution of problems
Teddy Bear
Owl
Compromising / negotiating
Fox
Withdrawing /
avoiding
Competing /
overpowering
Turtle
Shark
Oriented on own aims and interests
Source :
own compilation using BERKEL 1987,
BERKEL 1997, University of Maryland
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
21
3.3
Conflict types
Structure of
conflict
Creation of the types
Conflict subject
Conflicts in the regions
Conflikt parties
Points of contention
Conflict form
Conflict result
Space
Time
Long-term effects
Attributes of the types
scientific
studies,
concepts
and plans
dealing with
conflicts
the
regional
press
qualitative
interviews with
regional decision
makers
Description of the types
Conflict types
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
22
3.3
Conflict types
Spatial-Use Conflict Types
(objective-spatial aspects)
Leisure-time activities in
sensitive landscapes
Heavily frequented
destinations for outings
structurally,
permanent, partly
latent, conflicts
Lack of
acceptance of
nature protection
related
restrictions
Nature conservation
projects and plans
Environmental consequences
of touristic use
Tourism-induced
motorised private traffic
more differentiated,
permanent conflicts
Impairment of the countryside
image by tourism buildings
Change of status quo,
temporary conflicts
Tourism
projects and plans
Goal Conflict Types
(protagonists / processes)
Leisure-time sport vs.
nature protection
Economic stimulation vs.
nature protection
Communities vs. management
of protected area
ZIENER 2003, p. 85
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
23
3.3
Conflict types
Leisure-time activities in
sensitive landscapes
Conflict participants
leisure-time sport clubs and
Conflict subject / Points of contention /
societies, homeland and
Spatial relationship
hiking associations,
The demands placed on the landscape and spatial use tourism providers, societies
and organisations,
when performing certain leisure-time activities collide with
goals for conservation and restrictions in sensitive areas,communities,
national park or biosphere
worth protecting,
reserve management,
Outwardbecause
form / Time
/ Conflict
result
 conflicts,
restrictions
on use
or control
environmental protection
measures
were,
or should
be,not
threatened,
In principle,
permanent
and
capable of being conclusively solved,
clubs and associations,
implemented
or increased,
fluctuation between
latent and active conflicts, in recent times numerous
ecologists
usually
small-scale,
sensitive
such asbetween
the
examples
of agreements
andareas
negotiations
management of protected
banks of lakes
andenvironmental
rivers, the upper
reachesbodies
of flowing
areas,
protection
and users concerning routing, control
waters, steep
and flat coasts,
moors and silt
areas, effects
drymeasures,
etc., Long-term
conflict
grass areas,
close-to-nature
woods,
subalpine
meadows.
compromises,
temporary
or permanent
regulations,
off of paths
e.g. cooperation
with
leisure-time e.g.,
sportclosing
organisations
and water areas, relocation
and
ski-trails, total
limited bans on
in the fieldofofpaths
visitor
management
andorenvironmental
admission, measures
to control
visitorsinand
guidance
systems.park
education,
increase
thetraffic
acceptance
of national
or biosphere reserve
ZIENER 2003, p. 87
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
24
3.3
Conflict types
Key factors of conflict resolution
Conflict parties
and their interests
NP or BR management
in conflicts
organisations, groups, individuals
conflict party like other
relations between conflict parties,
coalitions, former conflicts
acting / reacting party
experiences of conflict
partly responsibilities of state or
federal state authority
procedures of resolutions
moderator / mediator
Leisure-time activities
in sensitive landscapes
Lack of
acceptance of
nature-protection
related
restrictions
Tourism
projects and plans
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
25
3.3
Conflict types
Conflict avoidance potential of conflict types
Leisure-time
activities
in sensitive
landscapes





to find conflict potential in landscape
communication
sport clubs as partner
common concept
win-win situation
Nature
conservation
projects and
plans




early information, complete information
openness for other stakeholders
readiness to compromise
win-win situation
Communities vs.
management of
protected area





regular information
personal contacts
cooperation
participation
common strategies
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
no conflict,
but common
solution of
problems
reduction of
conflict
cooperative
conflict situation
own compilation
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
26
3.4
Conflict connections
C
C
C
macro-analytic view
C
contentual-spatial hierarchy
 administrative and planning levels
e.g. NP Hochharz (today NP Harz after joinig)
micro-analytic view
time hierarchy
 chronology and parallelism of conflicts
conflict experience of involved persons
complex conflict situations
 attitude / awareness related to conflicts
and conflict solution in general
(e.g. importance, solvability)
 issues which bring together different conflicts
or fields of conflict and their interactions,
 get to know the other conflict parties
(e.g. interests, aims, behaviour)
 big number of participants, diversity of
interests and demands
 conflict management skills
(e.g. methods, strategies)
 spatial links (e.g. on the top of mountain
Brocken, Hiddensee island) or planning links
(e.g. Landscape Structure Plan Spreewald)
 content solution of problem
(e.g. separation of different functions,
strategies of sustainable development)
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
27
3.4
Conflict connections
Conflict hierarchy of existing conflicts in the National Park Hochharz
Konflikte um die Novellierung der Nationalparkverordnung bzw. die
Regelungen des neuen Nationalparkgesetzes sowie die
Verordnung für den Brocken und das Befahren der Bahnstrecke
Federal state
contentual
aggregation
regional
level /
district
Konflikte der regionalen
(Tourismus-)Wirtschaft mit
der NP-Verwaltung und dem
Naturschutz
Municipality
contentual
aggregation
Konflikte der Gemeinde Schierke
mit der NP-Verwaltung
Konflikte der Stadt Ilsenburg
mit der NP-Verwaltung
Konflikt Skisport –
Naturschutz (im NP
Hochharz)
Konflikte der
Anwohner mit der
NP-Verwaltung
spatial
aggregation
Single
conflicts
Konflikte der Regions
bevölkerung mit der NPVerwaltung
Skisport am
Kleinen
Winterberg
(Nationalparkgebiet)
Konflikte um den Schutz und die
Nutzung des Brockens
Loipen
im NP
Hochharz
Brockenhotel
(Ausbau
des Fernsehturms)
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Öffnungszeiten der
Brockengastronomie
(Brockenwirt)
Abendveranstaltungen
auf dem
Brocken
Fahrzeiten
der
Brocken
bahn
(HSB)
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Inwertsetzung des
Geländes
der Scharfen
steinkaserne
Pilze und
Beeren
sammeln
im NP
Bau eines
NP-Hauses
in Eckertal /
Stapelburg
ZIENER 2003, p. 91
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
28
3.4
Conflict connections
Zonierung des Biosphärenreservates Rhön
nach dem Rahmenkonzept Rhön 1995
#
BR Rhön:
Learning processes of conflict solution
and prevention based on conflict analysis
#
Successful conflict solutions (1993-1998)
Va ch a
Geisa
Hün feld
Tann
#
Modellprojekt Skilanglauf
optimizing of cross-country ski trail network
#
Ka lte nsun dhe im
#
#
Luftsportgutachten
analysis of conflicts between aviation and
nature conservation.
recommendations for environmentally
compatible flying
Hilde rs
Fladu nge n
Eh re nbe rg #
#
#
#
Obe relsb ach
Gersfe ld
#
Bischo fsh eim a.d. Rh ön
Perception of conflict potentials
Mountainbiking – Naturschutz
Lan des g re nz e
Ba d Brü cken au
#
Ke rn zo ne
Pf le gez on e A
Pf le gez on e B
En twick lun gs zo ne
Mountainbiking – Wandern
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
0
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
4 km
Be arbe itu ng : K . Zien er
Qu elle : I nfo rma tio ns bro sc h üre zu m R ahm en ko nz ept B io sp hä re nres e rva t R hön
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
29
3.4
Conflict connections
BR Rhön: Conflict prevention: common development of a network of
mountain bike trails
Bayer. Verwaltungsstelle
des BR Rhön
management centre
BR Bavarian Rhön
Moderation
initiator
Verein Naturpark und
BR Bayer. Rhön
signs
GIS
ADFC Kreisverbände
(cycling)
concepts
Bayer. Radsportverband
(cycling)
FAIRständnis-Regeln
(rules, self-commitment)
Network of
mountain bike trails
Höhere Naturschutzbehörde
Würzburg (RBez)
(nature conservation authority )
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Rhönklub (hiking)
Waldbesitzer
(forest owners)
Wildland GmbH (Initiative des
Landesjagdverbands)
Jagdverbände
(hunting)
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
own compilation
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
30
3.4
Conflict connections
BR Rhön: Conflict prevention: common development of a network of
mountain bike trails
Bayer. Verwaltungsstelle
des BR Rhön
Verein Naturpark und
BR Bayer. Rhön
conflict avoiding in the case of mountain biking
Wegegebot in the Nature Reserve Lange Rhön
(mountain biking only on marked trails)
basis for togetherness in a sensitive region
mountain bike offer as segment
of sustainable tourism
win-win
situation
Mountainbiker
attractive offer of trail
model
character
ADFC Kreisverbände
Bayer. Radsportverband
possibility to cross the Nature
Reserve Lange Rhön by bicycle
Wanderer
Rhönklub (Wandern)
clear trails for
mountain bikes
Waldbesitzer
Jagdverbände
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
31
3.5
Model region of sustainable development and conflicts
islands in th baltic sea / former
administrative district (Photo: K: Ziener)
transboundery mountain area in Hesse,
Bavaria, Thuringia (Photo: K. Ziener)
at the beginning of the 1990s district of Rügen and Rhön Region
started to focus on sustainable development
 „Model Region for Sustainable Regional Development“
enormous conflicts
– at last the term “Model
region” was rejected
Why ?
low and more simple
conflict situation,
but greater impact outside
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
32
3.5
Model region of sustainable development and conflicts
enormous conflicts
– at last the term
“Model region” was
rejected
low and more simple
conflict situation,
but greater impact
outside
Why ?
Basic Conditions
 extremely high spatial conflict potential
between tourism and nature protection
2 national parks,
1 biosphere reserve,
nature park in development,
dynamic tourism development,
big pressure on land use,
big investors,
 transformation situation in the new
German federal states (economic crisis,
high unemployment rate, high population
loss due to migration)
 “reunification” of Rhön / transboundary
BR Rhön  new Rhön identity,
 on the whole, less spatial conflict potential
between tourism and nature protection (Rhön
region is five times as large as Rügen district
with only three-quarters of the overnight
stays),
 in Hesse and Bavaria, in spite of structural
weaknesses, established business structures
and more economic protagonists (compared
with the new German federal states)
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
33
3.5
Model region of sustainable development and conflicts
enormous conflicts
– at last the term
“Model region” was
rejected
low and more simple
conflict situation,
but greater impact
outside
Why ?
Basic Conditions
Protagonists
 Citizens’ initiative Rügen:
“Recommendations for economic
development”  Model region for
environmentally friendly development,
 from the view point of the economic
protagonists model region was solely
linked with nature protection (model
region = nature protection)
 conflict: either landscape preservation or
economic development
 orientation to an integrated regional
development and projects worth supporting
(above all, Verein Natur und Lebensraum Rhön,
Hessian BR management and Bavarian BR
management),
 model region linked with the possibility for
funding (e.g. LEADER-Program),
 only competition in implementation but no
conflict between general aims
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
34
3.5
Model region of sustainable development and conflicts
enormous conflicts
– at last the term
“Model region” was
rejected
low and more simple
conflict situation,
but greater impact
outside
Why ?
Basic Conditions
Protagonists
Explanation
Competitive conflict situation
Cooperative conflict situation
dissent about goals,
each party has only their own interests, neither
party desires to reach a globally optimal
situation unless it proves beneficial to them
common goals, dissent about the way
conflict parties being united in achieving a
higher goal to reach a globally optimal
solution
 long process of convergence supported by
the “Regional Development Concept Rügen”
and moderation by a new regional planner
 way with ups and downs,
increasing acceptance of the biosphere
reserve and its management
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
35
4.
Basic points of a conflict strategy for
national parks and biosphere reserves
regional view
1.
Identify spatial conflict potentials as early as possible in order to avoid and delimet
conflicts (conflict prevention)
2.
Consider the rules of conflict management and avoiding (win-win strategy, individual
solutions, cooperation, personal contacts)
3.
Develop suitable conflict management strategies and tools for the different conflict
situationes (conflict types)
4.
Consider conflicts not isolated but in the context of former and simultaneous conflicts
(conflct hierarchy, conflict experience)
5.
Active development and implementation of regional concepts (sustainable regional
development, tourism marketing, traffic concepts)
own compilation
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
36
Biosphärenpark Wienerwald
5. Application of the findings
in other projects
IESP – Towards Integrated Ecological
Spatial Planning for the
Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve
Sustainable Wildlife Management and
Leisure Activities
2008-2012
F. Reimoser, W. Lexer,
Ch. Brandenburg, K. Ziener,
B. Schreiber, A. Bartel,
H. Tomek, F. Heckl,
F. Hirnschall, A. Kasper
Source: Biosphärenpark Wienerwald
Final Report 2012
(pp. 479)
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
37
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Indicator leisure activities
Indicator species
recreational use
in total
activity
with dog
Picnic
Ballooning
red deer
wild boar
black stork
capercaillies
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 220
Intensive conflict potential and conflict analysis
based on expert interviews in 4 selected areas
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
38
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Overlapping of the
habitats of indicator
species and the areas
of indicator leisure
activities
sensitivity
><
intensity of use
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 221
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
39
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Modeling of the probability of
indicator leisure activities
for the whole biosphere reserve
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 252, 265
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
40
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Gathering and modeling of the
habitats of indicator species
for the whole biosphere reserve
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 271, 277
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
41
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Overlapping in order to estimate
the spatial conflict potential
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 281, 287
Only tendencies of expected
conflict area
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
42
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 331
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
43
BR Wienerwald – IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects
Leisure-time activities in
sensitive landscapes
Two conflict types as
basis for differentiated
options for the conflict
management
Lack of
acceptance of
nature-protection
related
restrictions
REIMOSER et al.
2012, S. 333
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
44
Literature and Sources:
ČR - Správa Národního parku České Švýcarsko – Mapa NP České Švýcarsko 1:50.000:
http://www.npcs.cz/sites/default/files/user_files/FTP_NO/Mapy/110301_Vitejte_v_NP_CZ.pdf, ,23.11.2012
UNESCO – Europe & North America (284 biosphere reserves in 34 countries) Last update September
2012: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biospherereserves/europe-north-america/, 23.11.2012.
Ministry of the Environment (MoE) of the Czech Republic – National Parks:
http://www.mzp.cz/en/national_parks, 23.11.2012.
Správa CHKO Pálava a Krajské středisko Brno: http://www.palava.ochranaprirody.cz/, 23.11.2012.
Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí ČR - Biosférické rezervace UNESCO:
http://www.mzv.cz/jnp/cz/zahranicni_vztahy/multilateralni_spoluprace/unesco/cr_v_unesco/biosfericke_re
zervace_unesco.html, 23.11.2012.
Třeboňsko - CHKO Třeboňsko : http://www.trebonsko.cz/chko-trebonsko, 23.11.2012.
Správa CHKO Třeboňsko: http://www.trebonsko.ochranaprirody.cz/, 23.11.2012.
ZIENER, Karen (2003): Das Konfliktfeld Erholungsnutzung – Naturschutz in Nationalparken und Biosphärenreservaten, Aachen (Habilitationsschrift).
BERKEL, Karl (1987): Zur Sozialpsychologie des Konflikts in Organisationen. In: Schulz-Gambard,
Jürgen (Hrsg.): Angewandte Sozialpsychologie: Konzepte, Ergebnisse, Perspektiven, MünchenWeinheim, S. 153-167.
BERKEL, Karl (1997): Konflikttraining. Konflikte verstehen, analysieren, bewältigen, 5. neubearbeitete
und erweiterte Auflage, Heidelberg (Arbeitshefte für Führungspsychologie, Band 15).
University of Maryland – Solutions in your community: Conflict Management Styles :
http://www.agrisk.umn.edu/conference/uploads/cterhune0790_02.pdf, 24.11.2012.
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
45
Literature and Sources:
Nationale Naturlandschaften – Map of Germany: http://www.nationale-naturlandschaften.com/map-ofgermany, 25.11.2012.
Nationalparks Austria – Naitonalparks 360°: Die Nationalparks:
http://www.nationalparksaustria.at/nationalparks-360-grad/die-nationalparks/, 26.11.2012.
Peter Wilhelm Morgan (2012):: A Project Allocation System. URL:
http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/intranet/teaching/public/projects/archive/l31112/pdf/PMorgan_A_Project_Alloc
ation_System_Stage_3_FINAL.pdf, 25.11.2012.
Biosphärenpark Wienerwald – Zonierung im Biosphärenpark Wienerwald: Download A3:
http://www.bpww.at/fileadmin/Redakteure/A3-CD-120326.pdf, 26.11.2012.
REIMOSER, Friedrich. LEXER, Wolfgang, BRANDENBURG, Christiane, ZIENER, Karen, SCHREIBER,
Bernd, BARTEL, Andreas, TOMMEK, Hemma, HECKEL, Felix, HIRNSCHALL, Florin und Andreas
KASPER (2012): Grundlagen für eine integrierte ökologisch-räumliche Planung im Biosphärenpark
Wienerwald. Nachhaltiges Wildtiermanagement und Freizeitaktivitäten, Österreichische Akademie der
Wissenschaften, 477 Seiten. URL: http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/IESP-Wienerwald, 26.11.2012.
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria
46
Thank you for
your attention
Conflicts: Recreation – Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012
47
Karen Ziener, Klagenfurt, Austria