Transcript 英文文法筆記

English Grammar
蔡進義
Chin-Yi Tsai (Matt)
[email protected]
http://140.134.26.25/~cyt
English is a universal language.
Outline
•
總論
•
名詞
•
代名詞
•
形容詞
•
動詞
•
副詞
•
介詞
•
連接詞
•
關係詞
•
其他
If you study English every night, you will forget loneliness.
Sooner or later, you will have to struggle with English.
2
總論
•
句型
 SV 主詞＋動詞
 The store opens at ten.
 SVC 主詞＋動詞＋補語
 The movie was funny (SC, 主詞補語).
五
大
句
型
 SVO 主詞＋動詞＋受詞
 We cleaned the classroom.
 SVOO 主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋受詞
 My father bought me (IO, 間接受詞) a watch (DO, 直接受詞).
 SVOC 主詞＋動詞＋受詞＋補語
 They made me angry (OC, 受詞補語).
 SVO + to/for ~ (強調受詞)
 My uncle gave his watch to me.
 My uncle bought an Mp3 player for me.
3
句子的元素與修飾語
•
句子元素
 主詞+動詞+受詞(補充詞)
•
動詞種類





•
五
大
句
型
完全不及物動詞
不完全不及物動詞
完全及物動詞
不完全及物動詞
授與動詞
Used to + 原形動詞
Be used to(介) + 名詞 (名詞相當的語句)
Get used to(介) + 名詞(名詞相當的語句)
句子的形成





Birds sing. [SV, 主詞+完全不及物動詞]
This is a bird. [SVC, 主詞+不完全不及物動詞+補充詞]
We love our country. [SVO, 主詞+完全及物動詞+受詞]
Cats make us happy. [SVOC, 主詞+不完全及物動詞+受詞+補充詞]
I give her a book. [SVOO, 主詞+授與動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞]
4
句子的元素與修飾語
• 修飾語 (Modifier)
 修飾名詞、代名詞的形容詞或作形容詞用的片語或子句
 A beautiful young lady lives in this house.
 The man eating something in the kitchen is my brother.
 The man who gives me the money is my brother.
 修飾動詞的副詞、副詞片語、副詞子句
 I go home at six o’clock.
 He came the day before yesterday.
 I was reading when he came.
 修飾形容詞、副詞的副詞、副詞片語、副詞子句
 She is a very beautiful girl.
 She can speak English very well.
 I am glad to see you.
 修飾全句的副詞修飾語
5
主要授與動詞
•
…+物+to+人 (I gave a book to him. = I gave him a book.)

















•
…+物+for+人 (He brought flowers for me.)






•
Buy
Bring
Get
Leave
Make
do
具有主詞與述語動詞之關係，
卻無法獨立成句子者為子句
I know you worked hard.
補語：有些單獨句子，但語意不明，必須
補上單字，補語有二，一為主詞補語，一為
受語補語。可作為補語的有名詞，代名詞，
形容詞，以及相當於名詞或代名詞等的用語。
He is a diplomat. (SC, 形容主詞)
I found the cabinet empty. (OC)
…+物+of+人

•
Give
Lend
Send
Write
Bring
Hand
Pass
Deliver
Show
Teach
Tell
Sell
Pay
Owe
Do
Promise
offer
I must ask a favor of you.
…+物+on+人

They played a trick on him.
6
• 子句：構成句子部分的字群，它含有主詞和述詞
 對等子句
 He works hard, but he is as poor as ever.
 主要子句與從屬子句及從屬連接詞
 He came in when I went out.
作動詞believe的受詞
• 從屬子句的種類
 名詞子句
從屬子句
 I believe that he is dead.
名詞子句
 形容詞子句
從屬子句
 I know the house where he is living.
形容詞子句
 副詞子句
從屬子句
 He came in when I went out.
副詞子句
關係子句又叫作形容詞子句，包括了
關係代名詞子句
關係副詞子句
7
句子結構
•
句子結構
 單句
 The changes in the last century are amazing.
 合句
 She went to the United States in 1960 and has lived there ever since.
 複句
 He found what he had been looking for.
 The pretty girl we saw last night is David’s sister.
 She has been happy since she got married.
 複合句
 Say “you are sorry”, and I’ll forgive you.
 I knew that Bob is ill, but I didn’t know that he is suffering from scurvy.
•
句子依功能分




Declarative sentence
Interrogative sentence
Imperative sentence
Optative sentence
合句＝結合對等子句的句子
複句＝[主要子句＋從屬子句]等
8
Punctuation 標點符號
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The comma ,
Semicolon ;
Colon :
Question mark ?
Exclamation mark !
Dash –
Quotation mark “ ”
Hyphen –
Parentheses ()
Brackets [ ]
(動詞片語)動詞+介詞：
•通常作及物動詞
•受詞通常置於介詞之後
•可將副詞置於中間
They laughed at me.
He waited impatiently for her.
She is looking after them.
(動詞片語)動詞+副詞：
•可作及物或不及物動詞
•代名詞一定放中間，名詞則放在副詞前後皆可
•不可將副詞置放中間
The fire went out quickly.
They put out the fire quickly.
He put off the departure.
Please turn it on.
9
•
片語
 名詞片語
 He is my daughter’s husband.
 形容詞片語
 The lady in red is my friend.
 動詞片語
 We will take care of the baby.
 副詞片語
 You had better start right now.
 介詞片語
 A car parked in front of the gate.
 片語連接詞
 He talks as if he knew everything.
 感嘆詞片語
 My God! I forgot it.
•
子句
 主要子句
 Although it rained, we went on.
 從屬子句
 When the bell rings, stop writing.
 對等子句
 You go first, and I will follow you.
Be+形容詞+介系詞相當於及物動詞的用法
I am afraid of thunder.
I am afraid to see him.
I was afraid that I might hurt him.
He is said to be a great musician.
[to be a great musician]
是不定詞片語作補語用
也可以改成
It is said that he is a great musician.
介系詞片語作補語：
He is now at work.
His advice will be of some help to you.
[of help相當於helpful]
10
•
•
•
•
•
•
look forward to = anticipate
Put up with = tolerate
Do away with = abolish
Catch up with = overtake
Keep up with = maintain
Face up to
The that子句為受詞的動詞
I insisted that she should play the piano.
Insist作不及物動詞要加on
I insisted on her playing the piano.
They elected him President (President當OC,受詞補語).
Mr. Smith made the store what it is today. (what所引導的名詞子句可作受詞補語)
We know this story to be true. (to be true是受詞補語)
He advised me to stop smoking. (不定詞當受詞補語)
以不定詞當受詞補語的動詞有：
•Advise, allow, ask, bear, cause, challenge, choose, command, compel, decide,
•Determine, encourage, entreat, expect, force, get, permit, persuade, request
11
S+V+IO+DO
S+V+IO(人)+DO(物) = S+V+DO+prep.+IO
He sent Mary the followers. = He sent the follows to Mary.
•
授與動詞
 Award, bring, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay,
 Promise, read, return, sell, send, show, teach, tell, throw , write
•
有些動詞之後的IO和DO之間，必須有介系詞隔開










Accuse sb of sth
Add sth to sth
Blame sb for sth
Blame sth on sb
Provide sth for sb
Provide sb with sth
Remind sb of sth
Tell sb about sth
Warn sb of sth
Say sth to sb
介系詞之後接動名詞：
•Accuse sb of ~ing
•Blame sb for ~ing
•Convict sb of ~ing
•Dissuade sb from ~ing
•Keep sb from ~ing
•Punish sb for ~ing
•Warn sb against ~ing
•Trick sb into ~ing
12
名詞
• 物質名詞表示數量時，前面加上計量的名詞





A cup of tea
Two cups of tea
A piece of paper
A bag of flour
Two glasses of milk
Of + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞
Of + great + 抽象名詞 = very + 形容詞
Of + no + 抽象名詞 = not + 形容詞
• Of+抽象名詞=形容詞






Of use = useful
It is of no use = It is not useful.
With kindness = kindly
In private = privately
By accident = accidentally
On purpose = purposely
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名詞
• 7 A’s (七個A)
A, an 不定冠詞
The 定冠詞
• Four 2’s (四個2)
• 1980’s (1980年代)
• My aunt’s (我姑媽家), aunt’s = aunt’s house
• A friend of John’s
All the questions
Both the brothers
Half the apples
What a remarkable man
How bright a boy
Such a fine day
Quite a stranger
Rather a lot
Too good a story
So kind a person
As strong a man
14
代名詞
•
代名詞







•
人稱代名詞 you
所有代名詞 yours
複合人稱代名詞 youself
指示代名詞 this
不定代名詞 some
疑問代名詞 who
關係代名詞 which
She, her, her
a, an, the, some, any, no和this, that作形容詞用修飾同一名詞時，則用獨立所有
格 ~名詞+of+所有格代名詞
 A desk of mine
 That chair of his
•
He, his, him
Each指每個，實際上代表全部，但作單數用
Each of the girls has her own doll.
指示代名詞及指示形容詞
 this book
 I know this.
指示形容詞
指示代名詞
Every 每一(個) ~ 只有當形容詞的用法，作單數用
Every student is diligent.
Every day為副詞片語
I shampoo my hair every day.
Everyday為形容詞
Don not neglect your everyday work.
15
代名詞
• Another是an與other的組合，表”另一個”之意，共有單數形，Other是”
其他事物”之意，可加the，也可以用複數形，兩者皆可以用代名詞和形
容詞
• Another 「 另一」「別的」
 Give me another cup of tea.
• 有好幾個當中的「一個」 「再一個」 「 其他」
 (兩者之中) 一為~ 另一…
 I have two cats; one is white and the other is black.
 (幾個當中) 一個~ 另一個
 I don’t like this one. Show me another.
 (許多當中的) 一些~ 另一些
 There are many interesting stories in this book. Some are tragic and
others are funny.
16
Other and Another
形容詞
代名詞
單數
複數
單數
複數
特定指示
The other (man)
The other (men)
The other
The others
不定指示
Another (man)
Other (men)
Another
Others
Some other (man)
Some other (men)
Some other
Some others
•
I had two horses, one was white, the other was black.
•
Both John and Tom went to school; the one went by car the other on foot.
•
To know is one thing, and to teach is another.
•
I do not like this; show me another.
17
Such
•
作形容詞用
 I never saw such (a big )cats.
•
Such…as = like
 I have never seen such a man as he (is).
 I have never seen a man like him.
•
Such as= like, for example
•
Such that + 子句
Same
•
The same ~as+子句 / the same ~ that+子句
 This is the same watch as I lost.
 This is the same watch that I lost.
•
I have the same that as yours.
18
不定代名詞
•
Some(肯定), any(疑問), no, none
 Give me some apples.
 Some of them are honest.
 Is there any beer in the refrigerator?
 Some+(單數名詞)物/人/時/場所 [某某]的意思
 Please give me some book.
 Any+(單數名詞)人/物/時/地 [任何]的意思
 Have you any friend in this office?
 No one = nobody
•
Each, every, all







Each student has his own book. (形)
Each of them received one apple. (代)
I told each one to come.
Every student has a book. (every當形容詞)
Every body knows him. (every當形容詞)
It is found every where. (every當副詞)
Every+單數名詞=every one of 複數名詞
 Every boy has a hat.
 Every one of boys has a hat.
19
不定代名詞
•
Each, every, all
 Every用於三個或三個以上的人或物
 Every body (every one) has his duty.
 Everything has an end.
 Every girl can make a doll. (每一個)
 Any girl can make a doll. (任何那一個)
 All boys love candy.
 All the money was stolen by the thief.
 All knowledge is derived from the action of the intellect.
 Every other day (隔天), every two day (每隔兩天)
•
Both
 Both they are kind.
 Both of them are kind.
•
Either, neither
 You may eat either of the two apples.
 You know neither of them.
•
Many, few
 She has a good/great many books.
 There are a large number of (many) books.
•Few, a few作代名詞用
Few(極少, 幾乎沒有)用於否定時候多
A few用於肯定時較多
Are there many?
No. there are few.
There are only a few.
•Few, a few作形容詞用
She has few friends. 沒什麼朋友
She has a few friends. 有幾個朋友
Few: 否定, 幾無
A few:肯定,有少許
20
不定代名詞
• Much, little






A good deal of = much
Much has been written on this subject.
Much of this is not true. (代)
I haven’t much money. (形)
Little is known about this. (代)
I have little money. (形)
 Is there much?
A little
 No. there is little. (不, 很少)
little
 There is only a little, not much. (只有一點)
21
疑問代名詞
• Who, which, what, where, when, why, how
 Which of these boys is most diligent?
 Whom did you see?
 Do you know who she is?
22
形容詞
• 形容詞：
 代名形容詞
 所有形容詞 my
 指示形容詞 this
 不定形容詞 some
 疑問形容詞 what
 關係形容詞 which
 數量形容詞
 不定數詞 few
 數詞 one
 性質形容詞
 敘述 good
 專有 Chinese
 物質 gold
 動狀 flying
 副詞 down
形容詞用以修飾名詞，出現在名詞前或後
形容詞構句
1. Be + 形容詞 + 不定詞
 You were foolish to meet her again.
2. Be + 形容詞 + 介系詞片語
 They are enrious of your success.
3. Be + 形容詞 + 子句
 I am sure that he is honest.
23
形容詞
•
Many a + 單數名詞 = many + 複數名詞
 Many a young man has failed at this stage.
 Many young men have failed at this stage.
•
As many ~ = the same number of
 I found three mistakes in as many lines.
•
As much = the same amount of
 I bought two pounds of sugar and as much coffee.
•
四點二十分
 Four twenty
 Twenty after four
•
四點四十五分
 Four forty-five
 A quarter to five
•
1/3
 One third
•
2/3
日期寫法
九月三十日
The thirtieth of September
The 30th of September
September the thirtieth
September 30th
September thirtieth
September 30
 Two third
•
¾ (分子大於2，分每加s)
 Three fourths
24
形容詞
•
2+3
 Two and three are five
 Two plus three equals five
 Two plus three is equal to five
•
be+形容詞+介詞+受詞














I am afraid of the snake. = I fear the snake.
Be jealous of
Be proud of
倍數用法：
Be sure of
Half, double, twice,
Be different from
定冠詞
名詞
+
+
treble, three times,
Be anxious about
所有形容詞
所有代名詞
four times
Be eager for
The manager earns four times my salary.
Be grateful to
The had to play double the usual fare.
Be opposite to
Be contrary to
China is twenty times as large as Japan.
Be ashamed of
Jason jumped twice as high as Greg.
Be crowded with
Be filled with
Be full of
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形容詞
• 同等比較【肯定】的
 Her hat is as pretty as yours.
• 同等比較【否定】的
 He is not so tall as I am.
形容詞
分為直接加上名詞而加以修飾的限定用法
與作補語間接修飾的敘述用法
此外，尚有一種伴有定冠詞而具有名詞功能的名詞用法
• prefer ~ to + 受格
 I prefer tea to coffee.
 This watch is superior/inferior/senior to that.
• 形容詞限定用法：通常放在被修飾的名詞或代名詞的前面
 He is a happy person.
• 形容詞敘述用法：放在補語的位置
 He is happy.
26
形容詞
• 介系詞+形容詞的慣用片語








For certain
Of late
In short
In full
At large
For good
In particular
In general
27
Numerals 數詞
阿拉伯數字
基數
序數
簡體
0
Zero
1
One
First
1st
2
Two
Second
2nd
3
Three
Third
3rd
4
Four
Fourth
4th
5
Five
Fifth
5th
100
One hundred
One hundredth
100th
1,000
One thousand
One thousandth
1,000th
10,000
Ten thousand
Ten thousandth
10,000th
100,000
One hundred thousand
One hundred thousandth
100,000th
1,000,000
One million
One millionth
1,000,000th
28
動詞
• 不及物動詞
 He run to me.
 I don’t agree with you.
• 及物動詞
 He runs a coffee shop.
Seem, appear補語一般接
•to be (+名詞、形容詞或過去分詞)或
•to do (一般動詞)
You seem to be tired.
She appear to like music.
• 時式






現在式
現在進行式
過去式
過去進行式
未來式
未來進行式
現在完成式
現在完成進行式
過去式完成式
過去完成進行式
未來完成式
29
動詞時式
•
現在式
 現在的動作或狀態
 現在習慣的動作、職業以及不變的真理
•
現在進行式
 現在正在進行的動作
•
過去式
 過去發生的事情，或過去的習慣
•
過去進行式
 在過去某一時候正在進行的動作
•
•
•
未來式
未來進行式
現在完成式
 剛剛完成的動作
 過去某時到現在的經驗
 從過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態
•
現在完成進行式
 從過去某時開始，一直繼續到現在仍在進行的動作，比現在完成式更強調動作的持續性質
•
過去式完成式
 過去某一時間以前，先完成的動作
 先發生的用過去完成式，後發生的用過去簡單式
•
•
過去完成進行式
未來完成式
30
動詞
•
完全及物動詞 (S+V+O)




•
不完全及物動詞 (S+V+O+OC)




•
He made her happy.
She keeps me waiting.
She found her pen stolen.
I want her to do it.
授與動詞 (2個O, 間接及直接受詞)




•
She speaks English.
I like reading.
I don’t know what to do.
I know where she lives.
I gave the boy a pen.
I gave a pen to the boy.
She buys a hat for me. (強調物的重要)
I must ask a favor of you.
完全不及物動詞
 Birds fly.
 The sun rose.
•
不完全不及物動詞：也叫連繫動詞，它不需要受詞，但必須用形容詞或名詞作補充詞
 He is a solider. (名詞作補充詞)
 She looks pale.
 Her bad habit is eating.
31
動詞時態
•
基本時態
 現在式
 過去式
 未來式
•
I do.
I did.
I shall do.
完成時態
 現在完成式
 過去完成式
 未來完成式
•
I have done.
I had done.
I shall have done.
現在完成式
未來完成式
過去完成式
進行時態
 現在進行式
 過去進行式
 未來進行式
•
now
I am doing.
I was doing.
I shall be doing.
完成進行式
 現在完成進行式
 過去完成進行式
 未來完成進行式
I have been doing.
I had been doing.
I shall have been doing.
32
動詞時態
•
Be going + to ~ 將要，打算，可能會
 I am going to buy a hat.
•
Be about + to ~ 即將，就要
 The plane was about to take off.
•
現在完成式表經驗
 I have seen her before.
 I have never been in Japan.
 I have been to Taiwan.
•
The lease is due to expire.
Be + 不定詞表預定之意
We are to meet at eight.
現在完成式用以表示過去繼續到現在的動作
 I have been here for two days.
 I have been here since last week.
33
假設語氣
• 假設法過去





If S + were ~, S + would, should, could, might + VR
表與現在事實相反的假設
If it were not raining, I would go shopping.
If she were dressed in white, she might look quite pretty.
If you read my letter, you might believe me. (指不確定的現在或未來假設)
Would you mind if we called on you tonight? (指不確定的現在或未來假設)
• 假設過去完成
If S + had+過去分詞~, S + would, should, could, might + have + 過去分詞
 與過去事實相反的假設
 If they had left before eight, they could have avoided the rush hour.
• 假設法未來
 表未來極不可能發生的假設
 If he should know the truth about the affair, he would be shocked.
• 假設法現在
 針對現在或未來之不確定的事
 If it be rainy tomorrow, I will sow spinach seeds.
34
和現實相反的假設，很難實現的
I wish + {假設去過去，假設去過去完成}
I wish I could walk on the moon
 I am sorry that I cannot walk on the moon.
I wish I had run the whole course.
 I am sorry that I did not run the whole course.
與現在事實相反
She looks as if she were a princess.
I felt as though I knew nothing.
與過去事實相反
He looks as if he had been sick.
They acted at though they had come from another world.
If I were you, I wouldn’t ask them to help me.
 Were I you, I wouldn’t ask them to help me.
Were there (=If there were) any survivors, they would be saved by now.
Had we had (=If we had had) enough money, we would have gotten it.
Should I (=If I should) go, he would kill me.
Had it not been for (=If it had not been for) you, she might have married me.
35
But for (=If it were not for) the sun, no living thing would exist.
Suppose (that) you were left alone on a desert island, what would you do?
I will come providing (that) I am well enough.
I will go unless it rains.
In case I should be late, don’t wait for me.
With more experience, he would succeed.
If he had more experience, he would succeed.
To hear her play the violin, you would be surprised.
 If you heard [where to hear] her play the violin, you would be surprised.
Had better
Would (had) rather
Might as well
As it were = so to speak
36
時態的變化 (主動被動)
•
現在時態的變化
 A cat catches a mouse.  A mouse is caught by a cat.
 She is teaching me English.  I am being taught English by her.
 She has taught me French for two years.  I have been taught French by her for two
years.
•
過去時態的變化
 She taught me English.  I was taught English by her.
 They were building a house for me.  A house was being built for me.
 I had just finished my work then.  A work had been finished by me then.
•
未來時態的變化
 She will punish me.  I shall be punished by her.
 They will have eaten everything by the time we get there.  Everything will have
been eaten by the time get there.
•
不使用be的被動語態
 I got dismissed for neglect of duty.
 He got his figure pinched in the door.
 I had my bicycle stolen.
37
動詞
• Used to 用以表示過去習慣
 I used to visit the library when I was not busy.
• (準動詞)動狀詞具有動詞的形式，用作名詞、形容詞或副詞
 不定詞
 分詞(現在, 過去)
 動名詞
不定詞
分詞(現在分詞, 過去分詞)
動名詞
38
動狀詞之不定詞
•
不定詞作用




•
名詞不定詞
形容詞不定詞
副詞不定詞
獨立不定詞
作名詞用
作名詞用的不定詞 (主，受，補充詞)








To speak(主詞) is difficult.
I found it(虛受詞) difficult to speak French well (真受詞).
I like to go(受詞).
He seems to be poor.
You are to clean the window at once.
I found him to be liar.
He declared the statement to be true.
My job is to look(補語) after children.
39
動狀詞之不定詞
•
作形容詞用的不定詞






She had many friends to help her.
A house to live in.
I am very glad to see you.
I am eager to see you.
She is old enough to be your mother.
She is too old to play piano.
(不定詞)作形容詞用：
1. 置於名詞或代名詞之後修飾名詞或代名詞
2. 當補語
 She was so good as to send me many books.
40
動狀詞之不定詞
•
作副詞用的不定詞






She wants to see(修飾動詞) flowers.
Apple is very good to eat(修飾形容詞).
We have come here to study.
You must be a fool to say so.
He was ready enough to accept the proposal(修飾副詞).
You must be a fool to say such thing(修飾整個句子).
You are very kind to do so.
It is very kind of you to do so.
獨立不定詞
To tell the truth, I want money.
He seems to be tired.
= It seems that he is tired.
He seems to have been tired.
= It seems that he was (or has been) tired.
He seemed to be tired.
=It seemed that he was tired.
He seemed to have been tired.
= It seemed that he had been tired.
41
動狀詞之分詞 (形容類)
•
分詞
 帶有形容詞性質的動詞形態
•
分詞分類
 現在分詞 (動原+ing), 進行式
 過去分詞 (動原+d或ed)
•
現在分詞和過去分詞尚有其他的功能
作形容詞用，用以修飾名詞，或作句子的補語
A barking dog
A broken leg
Example









Who is the lady speaking to your father?
Men living in this city.
This is a house built many years ago.
This is the book written by Mr. Ting.
She was crying.
She kept me waiting.
She looked pleased to hear my story.
I saw her walking across the street.
I had my pen stolen.
42
動狀詞之分詞
• 分詞的敘述用法
 作主格的補語 The whole town lies sleeping.
 作受格補語 we heard him playing the guitar.
• 分詞構句
 When I arrived in Taiwan (副子), I got in touch with him.
 Arriving in Taiwan (副片), I got in touch with him.
• 分詞構句可以表時間，原因，理由，條件，讓步，附帶狀況等




Walking about in the room, I bumped against the desk.
Not being careful, he caught cold before the examination.
Climbing to the top of this hill, you will see the whole town under your eyes.
Granting that he said so, I can’t be sure what he really meant.
Speaking of Coke, …
Strictly speaking, …
Added to this, …
43
動狀詞之動名詞
• 動名詞的形式為 V-ing
• 動名詞的動詞性質
 接受詞 My only pastime is climbing mountains.
 接補語 Becoming a singer is her dream.
 可用副詞來修飾 Playing on this field is forbidden.
• 動名詞的名詞性質
 作句子的主詞或補語 Keeping a diary means a lot of me.
 作動詞的受詞 This car needs washing.
 作介系詞的受詞 I never thought of going with her.
• 動名詞表用途，目的
 A smoking room = a room for smoking
• 現在分詞表動作，狀態
 A smoking lamp = a lamp which is smoking
44
副詞
•
副詞功能




•
副詞分類




•
修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞
Tom recovered slowly.
He thought Linda simply beautiful.
May plays amazingly well.
簡單副詞
指示副詞
疑問副詞
關係副詞
簡單副詞







表時間的副詞
 Before, early, next month, at once
表場所的副詞
 Here, out, somewhere
表程度和分量的副詞
 Much, too, enough
表態度和方法的副詞
 Well, kindly, slow
青肯定的副詞
 Yes, certainly
表否定的副詞
 No, not
表次數的副詞
 Always, seldom, rarely
45
副詞
• 指示副詞
• 疑問副詞
 When, where, how, why
• 關係副詞







We passed the house where the fire started (v.).
I still remember the day when she came.
This is the house where I lived.
This is the reason why I hate her.
I still remember the day on which he arrived.
This is the house in which I lived.
This is the reason for which I hate her.
Where  in which
Why  for which
How  by which
46
介詞
• 放在名詞後面的形容詞片語





名詞+介系詞+名詞或代名詞=形容詞片語
the cover of the book
the students of our school
the flowers in the garden
The name of the owner is unknown.
• 形容詞片語作主詞補語
 主詞+be+介系詞或代名詞=形容詞片語
 Tom is in trouble.
• 放在動詞後的副詞片語
 主詞+動詞+介系詞+名詞或代名詞=副詞片語
 Tom has lived in the suburbs of Taipei for six years.
47
連接詞
• 連接詞
 對等連接詞
 And, or, but, so
 She was born in France, so she speaks French.
 從屬連接詞
 That, if, whether, when
 相關連接詞
 Either ~ or, so ~ that
48
關係詞 (Relatives)
• 關係代名詞
 兼具連接詞和代名詞性質的字
 有who, which, whose, that等字
• 關係形容詞
 What, which, whatever, whichever之後接名詞時，稱之為關係形容詞
• 關係副詞
 兼具連接詞和副詞性質的字
 有when, where, why, how等字
關係詞 (Relatives)
關係代名詞
複合關係代名詞
關係形容詞
關係副詞
複合關係副詞
He has three sons who became lawyers.
Whoever comes will be welcome.
I gave her what little money I had.
The day will come when your dream will come true.
Come whenever you like.
49
關係代名詞
A hat
which
名詞
關係代名詞
(前述詞)
I bought.
+
子句
(關係子句/形容詞子句)
•
This is the girl who wants to see you. (主格)
•
A boy whom I like. (受格)
•
A boy whose father I know. (所有格)
•
He is the greatest poet that I ever saw.
•
The lady (whom) you saw at the party is my sister.
She was robbed of her jewels,
some of which cost ＄500.
I visited Malaysia the capital of which is Kuala Lumpur.
I visited Malaysia whose capital is Kuala Lumpur.
I visited Malaysia of which the capital is Kuala Lumpur.
I visited Malaysia of which Kuala Lumpur is the capital.
50
關係形容詞 (後接名詞)
•
She spoke French, which language(名) I didn’t understand.
•
Whichever way you go, you will have to cross the river.
•
Whatever results follow, I will go.
•
No matter what results follow, I will go.
51
關係副詞
•
When, where, why, how
•
The day when I was born.
•
The city where I was born.
•
The reason why I live there.
•
The way how I write it.
•
I know where he is living.
•
This is how it happened.
52
關係子句
人
關代子句：(who, whom, whose, that)
主
物
受
所有
主, 受
關代子句：(which, whose, that)
主, 受
所有
主, 受
關副子句：(where, when, why)
地方
時間
原因
53
其他
•
He seems (vi) to be(可省略) ill.
•
動片=動+副

•
動片=動+名+介


•
Put out
Take care of
Take notice of
動片=動+副+介




Look forward to
Put up with
Do away with
Catch up with
片語不包括主詞和動詞
•名片
•形片
•副片
名詞可以當(主詞，受詞，補詞)
形容詞可以放在名詞前或be動詞後，當補語用
子句有名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句
•
•
•
•
Whoever = no matter who
Whomever = no matter whom
Whichever = no matter which
Whatever = no matter what
•
名詞片語代表是不定詞片語
•
名詞子句代表是that-子句
•
I saw the play that you are talking about.
關係子句又叫作形容詞子句，主要用來修飾名詞
，包括了：
•關係代名詞子句
•關係副詞子句
54
其他
•
We cannot help admiring her courage.
•
We cannot but admire her courage.
•
I would rather die than yield.
•
Dare用法
 Dare you go bungee jumping? 你敢高空彈跳嗎
 He daren’t ask her. 他不敢問他
 I dare you to cheat me. 諒你也不敢挑戰我
 I dare say he’ll fail in the exam. 我敢說他一定會考差
•
分詞 進行式 (形容詞功能，修飾名詞，作補語用)
補語
SC: Seeing is believing. He became a doctor.
OC: We believe him honest. The story made me sad.
55
其他
•
受詞可以是




•
不定詞




名詞
代名詞
動名詞
不定詞
主詞可以是




•
•
主詞 To see a tiger there surprised me a lot.
受詞 He likes to play baseball.
補語 My mother taught me to be honest.
副詞 She came here to see me.
動名詞
 主詞 Studying on our own is the best way to learn.
 動詞的受詞 I enjoy living in the country.
 介系詞的受詞 we are interested in playing baseball.
名詞
代名詞
動名詞
不定詞
•
分詞
 呈現時態、語態
 They were playing in the park.
 Many animals were killed.
 修飾名詞
 We have many interesting books.
 A man called Martin write these stories.
 補述
 We sat together singing songs.
56
其他
•
情態助動詞
 Can/could
 John can speak English.
 Can I help you?
 Can he come tomorrow?
 Will/would
 Tom will call you.
 I will persuade him to go.
 Will you go with me?
 Shall/should
 I shall return.
 Shall I close the window?
 May/might
 You may do as you like.
 He may not believe you.
 Must/had to
 You must go home now.
 He must be sad.
 You must not eat in the compute room.
57
其他
•
頻率副詞






•
程度副詞






•
Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Quite
Very
Too
So
Hardly
almost
•
地方副詞





Here
Everywhere
There
South
Ahead
物質名詞不能直接數，只能用表示單位的片語來數
•A cup of tea / two cups of tea
•A piece of chalk
•A sheet of paper
•A lump of sugar
•A bottle of beer
•A slice of bread
•A pound of butter
•A spoonful of sugar
•A cake of soap
時間副詞




Tomorrow
Today
Before
Afterwards
Of + 抽象名詞 = 形容詞
This is a matter of great importance.
= This is a very important matter.
with+ 抽象名詞 = 副詞
You can read this book with ease. (=easily)
58
五個基本句型(1/2)
主詞+完全不及物動詞
An air plane crashed.
Cry, laugh, walk, run, come, go,
Happen, fight, swim, rise,
Bloom, crash
主詞+不完全不及物動詞+補語
S+be+C
S+link+C
John looks handsome.
表象類
Look, seem, appear, prove
變化類
Become, get, turn, go, make, fall, grow
感官類
Sound, taste, smell, feel
保持類
Remain, keep, stay
V.I. verb
Come, go, live, die, leave, return, sit, stand, part
主詞+完全及物動詞+受詞
完全及物動詞
See, hear, buy, sell, cook, sweep, dislike
複合及物動詞
A. 不及物動詞+介系詞
•
Look at, listen to, laugh at, run after
•
Long for, deal with, complain of
B. 及物動詞+副詞
•
Put on, take off, give up, take away
•
Point out, play up, make up, think over
C. 不及物動詞+副詞+介系詞
•
Look down upon, look up to
•
Look forward to, do away with
•
Look out for, make away with
•
Walk off with, crack down on
59
五個基本句型(2/2)
主詞+授與動詞+間接受詞+直接受詞
主詞+授與動詞+直接受詞+介系詞+間接受詞
Give, tell, show, teach, owe, wish, buy, hand
Read, write, lend, make
主詞+不完全及物動詞+受詞+補語
宣稱動詞
Call, name, declare, pronounce
Prove, believe, think
五官動詞
See, hear, watch, observe, feel, perceive
使後動詞
Make, cause, render, let, allow, keep
Have, order, bid, get
60
主詞
•
名詞





•
代名詞





•
人稱代名詞 I, You, He
疑問代名詞 who, what
不定代名詞 little, few, two, another, one
指示代名詞 this, these, such, the other
關係代名詞 who, whose, whom, which,
that
名詞子句
 以that引進
 以代名詞who, which, what引進
 以副詞when, where, how, why, whether引
進
•
虛主詞




代表不定詞
代表動名詞
代表名詞片語
代表名詞子句
形容詞 (The + 形容詞 = 名詞)




•
普通名詞 pen
專有名詞 Taiwan
抽象名詞 justice
物資名詞 water
集合名詞 police
•
The brave
The Chinese
The true
The deep
動狀詞 (=名詞)






現在分詞 (主動) the sleeping
過去分詞 (被動 ) the accused
不定動詞 to learn English
被動不定詞 to be loved
主動動名詞 swinging
被動動名詞 be cheated twice
61
受詞
•
•
•
名詞
代名詞
形容詞
 The soldiers buried the dead.
•
動狀詞
 分詞
 The police are searching for the
missing.
 不定詞
 He asked to see our manager.
 動名詞
 Her daughter insisted on telling
the truth.
•
•
虛主詞
 I consider it unnecessary to tell him.
 I found it harmful smoking in a
closed room.
 We heard it said that his parents
were divorced.
名詞片語
 He knows where to find a good
restaurant.
•
名詞子句
 The police have found out where he
is hiding.
62
補語
主詞補語
•
名詞
受詞補語
•
 This is justice.
•
代名詞
 We selected him President.
•
 It is her I want to see.
•
形容詞
動狀之分詞
•
動狀之不定詞
•
動狀之動名詞
•
名詞片語
•
名詞子句
•
副詞子句
•
副詞
 The movie is on.
•
副詞子句
 Leave the machine as it is.
•
 This is just as I expected.
•
名詞子句
 He has made himself what he wished to
be.
 This is why he refused my request.
•
過去分詞
 He had the house painted in a day.
 Our question is where to find a good
teacher.
•
現在分詞
 He kept me waiting downstairs.
 My only amusement is playing chess.
•
原形動詞
 I made my brother do the job.
 My plan is to studying English in U.S.A.
•
不定詞
 The soldiers don’t allow anyone to enter.
 Her appearance is charming.
•
形容詞
 We found the house empty.
 The weather is beautiful.
•
名詞
副詞
 Do you think him in?
•
介詞片語
 His friends kept him in the dark.
介詞介語
 The books are on the desk.
63
集合句
• 集合句=一個主要子句+一個以上的從屬子句
• 主要子句表達中心思想
• 從屬子句
 名詞子句
 主詞、受詞、補語、同位格
 The stranger ask where he could find a good restaurant.
 形容詞子句
 形容主要子句的名詞群
 The policeman who caught the chief has received a cash reward.
 副詞子句
 修飾主要子句中的動詞群
 The audience became silent as soon as the President entered the hall.
64
名詞子句
•
名詞子句是名詞的擴大使用，名詞子句在句首必須有一連接詞，共分三類
 符號類：that
 副詞類：when, where, how, why, whether, if
 代名詞類/形容詞類：what, which, who, whose, whom
•
名詞子句作主詞
 Where the scientist is living is unknown.
•
名詞子句作動詞後的受詞
 I know what has happened.
•
名詞子句作介系詞後的受詞
 The value of a man lies in what he has done.
•
名詞子句作主詞的補語
 This is what I expected.
•
名詞子句作受詞的補語
 Education has made him what he is today.
•
名詞子句作主詞的同位格
 The idea that a girl without learning is virtuous is out of date.
•
名詞子句作受詞的同位格
 I have no idea how he finished the job.
 We must admit the fact that we are facing a crisis.
65
形容詞子句
•
形容主句中的主詞
 The boy who won the first prize is my brother.
•
形容動詞後的受詞
 I need a book which can teach me how to write.
•
形容介詞後的受詞
 Are you interested in novels whose plots are involved?
•
形容主句中的補語
 This is the music which I enjoy most.
•
形容主詞的同位語
 Taiwan, an island where everyone enjoys freedom and peace, is a base for national
recovery.
•
形容動詞後受詞的同位語
 Tom loves basketball, a sport which consumes a lot of his time.
•
形容介系詞後受詞的同位語
 The couple paid a visit to temple, a place where there were many figures of gods.
•
形容補語後的同位語
 This is a good dictionary, a reference book which you should own.
•
•
•
關係代名詞
關係副詞
特殊關係代名詞用法
 But, as, than
66
特殊關係代名詞用法But, as, than
•
No one but has strong will can succeed.
 = No one who does not have strong will can succeed.
•
There are no books in the library but he has read
 = There are no books in the library which he has not read.
•
As many children as came to the party were given cakes. (as=who=主格)
•
She shows no interest in such books as he has read. (as=which=受格)
•
He spent more money than is necessary. (than代表money，作is的主詞)
•
He earns more money than his wife can spend. (than代表money，作spend的受詞)
(restrictive clause)限制性子句，形容一個不清楚的名詞，
所以它的功能是修飾性的，非要不可，主句和子句之問不可用逗分開。
The teacher who has taught math for many years will go abroad soon.
(non-restrictive clause)非限制性子句，所形容的名詞本身已很清楚，
所以它的功能是補充性的，可要可不要。
Dr. Johnson, who has taught math for many years, is an outstanding scientist.
67
副詞子句
• 副詞子句主要用修飾主要子句或從屬子句中動詞的，表達動詞發生的時間，
場所，原因，目的，手段，樣態等等。










時間
原因及理由
目的
結果
條件
讓步
比較
關係
比例
假設語氣
68
副詞子句
• 時間














I went home when the sun set.
We talked about it while we were eating.
All students stood up as the teacher entered the room.
He left before it started to rain.
He went abroad after he had graduated from college.
He had lived with us since he returned.
They did not take dinner until their father came home.
The thief disappeared the moment the policemen arrived. (the moment=as
soon as)
The instant I entered the room, everybody began to laugh.
The year I was in Tokyo, I saw him twice.
Every time I saw her, she was all smiles.
The natives fled as soon as they saw us.
We have work to do as long as we live.
I shall visit you as often as I can.
69
副詞子句
•
原因及理由









•
We may cancel the meeting since he is not here.
As he was in a hurry, he hired a taxi.
The airplane crashed because a bomb exploded.
I wear glasses because I am near-sighted.
Now that dinner is ready, wash your hands.
I cannot sleep at night for fear that burglars may break into.
Seeing/considering that
We need not help him seeing that he refused to help us.
=看到/考慮到(既然/由於)
He sees very well considering that he is sixty years old.
Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak. (in that=because)
目的







He studies medicine that he may become a doctor.
Open the door so that we may breathe fresh air.
She made puppets in order that she could amuse her children.
I work hard that I may not fail
She retreats from the window in order that she may not be seen.
He wore heavy clothes lest he catch cold.
I took a map for fear that I lose my way.
70
副詞子句
•
結果







•
He was so lazy that he did not want to eat.
I was such a big fool that I trusted him.
A flood took place so that everyone deserted his home.
He hated his work so much so that he wanted to quit.
The fight ended with the result that both were injured.
It never rains but it pours.
They never meet but they quarrel.
條件











On condition that
= provided
= providing
I will believe it if(如果) this is true.
I won’t believe it unless(除非) this true.
All will be well once(一旦) the road is constructed.
I will excuse him provided he confesses his faults.
I will come providing I have time.
I will leave a note in case (that)(萬一) he is absent.
The meeting will be put off in the event that(萬一) he does not arrive.
You may eat anything if only(唯一條件) you do not eat much.
I will permit you to go on condition that(條件是, 如果) you come back early.
We will struggle so long as(只要) we live.
I will do my duty as long as I remain in my job.
71
副詞子句
•
方法
 She did as her husband told her.
 Never behave the way your father does.
Although(多在主句前)，
though(多在主句後)
=雖然，儘管
As=although/though，唯一不同是
As 子句中的受詞或補語應置於as前
While/when=although/though
•
一般性讓步











Even though/if = 即使(強調用去)
指主要子句與從屬子句在句意上形成一種矛盾的對照
Although it seems incredible, it is true.
He sometimes trembles though he is brave.
A lot of money as he has made, he is still hard up.
Young(補語置於as前) as he looks, he is really old.
While I don’t like him, I like his works.
We sometimes expect gratitude when we do not deserve it.
I will do it even if you punish me.
Even though it is raining hard, I still wish to go.
Granting that he had said so, he may not keep his promise.
Granted that he knows this, he still can do nothing about it.
(Granted, admitting, assuming, conceding, conceded) + that = although, though
72
副詞子句
•
動詞讓步
 重點在動詞，必須將動詞置於句首，至於動詞後的連接詞則應依動詞內容的需要或置代
名詞，或置副詞等。
 Work as he may, he cannot succeed.
 Do what he could, he cannot harm you.
 Go where you will, you cannot find him.
 Be a man ever so great, he has faults.
 Let a man be ever so wise, he cannot solve this problem.
•
人、事、時、地、方式、程度等讓步








•
I will punish you no matter who you are.
Don’t do this whatever you may do.
Whenever you may come, I’ll treat you with coffee.
I can find you wherever you may hide.
You must learn however old you may be.
You cannot catch up with a car however fast you may run.
You must finish it today no matter how you do it.
However you come, come early.
兩極讓步
 Whether he goes or stays, we will leave tomorrow.
 I want to talk to him whether he trusts me or not.
73
副詞子句
• 比較
 比較句法最重要的是抓住比較的焦點：比形容詞，比副副，比名詞。它們又
來自五大句型的什麼位置？補語的位置，受詞的位置，或者沒有位置(如副詞
或副詞片語，屬於文法)。
 比較有：比高低，比半斤八兩，倍數比，前者不及後者，比率性的比較級。
• 比高低
 兩個不同的主詞相比
 An eagle flies faster (adv) than a sparrow.
 Mary is more beautiful (adj) than her sister.
 The boy speaks English more fluently (adv) than his father.
 Henry drinks more coffee (N) than Peter.
 His father gave him (O) more money (N) than his mother did (=gave him
money).
 John sent us the money sooner (adv) than Peter did (=sent us the
money).
 The news of his wedding made us more pleased (C) than the news of
his promotion (made us pleased).
74
副詞子句
•
比高低
 一個主詞自比
 They play more than work.
 Mary is more beautiful than wise.
 Henry drinks more tea than coffee.
 He showed us more respect than sincerity.
 The news made me more surprised than pleased.
•
比半斤八兩
 兩個不同的主詞相比
 John can run as fast as Henry.
 Mary is as beautiful as Joan.
 Mother loves you as much as he.
 John gave us as much money as Peter did. (比名詞之量)
 Miss lee told us the story as vividly as Miss Wang. (比副詞)
 兩個主詞比不同的特點
 John sings as well as Mary dances.
 Mary is as beautiful as John is intelligent.
 Mr. Chen speaks French as fluently as his wife speaks English.
 John told us his ghost stories as vividly as Peter told us his jokes.
 John’s ghost stories made us as frightened as Peter’s jokes made us heartened.
 一個主詞自比
 They sing as much as dance.
 Mary is as beautiful as intelligent.
75
副詞子句
• 倍數比




An antelope runs several times faster than a boar.
Helen is at least two times more beautiful than Joan.
Mr. Wang speaks English ten times better than Mr. Lee.
California it ten times as large as Taiwan.
• 前者不及後者
 He does not work as quickly as his brother.
 The question is not so difficult as it seems.
 John does not drink so much coffee as his father.
• 比例性的比較級
 The more practice one has, the more speed he will gain.
76
副詞子句
• 關係




He can be diplomat as far as his English is concerned. (以…而論)
So far as my health is concerned, I can do the job.
As far as I can see, they are satisfied. (據..所看/知)
He isn’t dead as/so far as I know.
• 比例
 He became wiser as he grew older.
 He sees farther as he climbs higher.
 We pay you according as you show your ability.
77
複合句
•
複合句就是一個句子包含兩個或更多的獨立子句(independent clause)，用對等連接詞(and,
but, or)或連接性的副詞(however, nevertheless, hence, accordingly)或某些標點符號(:, ;, ,)
等連接而成的句子。
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The bell has ring, the teacher has come, and the students are all seated.
Tom is poor but his brother is wealthy.
John worked hard, yet he failed.
You must work hard or you will get punished.
My brother wears glasses, for he is near-sighted. (for表理由)
Her father is dangerously ill, so she must send for a doctor.
Cowards are cruel while the brave love mercy.
I would help you with pleasure, only I am too busy. (only表例外)
No only + S + V +but also + S + V + …
Either/Neither + S + V + or/nor + S + V
We played an hour; then we went home.
He asked the question; however, he got no answer.
John can speak French; so can Peter.
John cannot speak Russian; nor can Peter.
Tom was careless; hence his work was untidy.
He is familiar with logic; furthermore, he has a profound knowledge of philosophy.
Some people like fat; (=but) others hate it.
You must get up early; (=for) the car will be here at six.
Your clothes are already dirty; (so) you have to send them to the laundry.
78
虛主詞It構句
•
It is right to help handicapped.
•
It is a great honor wining the Nobel Prize.
•
It is no sure how to get the initial fund.
•
It is a big question where to get the fund.
•
It is urgent that measures be taken to cope with the crisis.
•
It is necessary for you to study sentence patterns before you can write. (事對人)
•
It is kind of you to invite me. (形容人)
•
It is believed that the police have arrested the suspect.
•
It appears reasonable that he gave his children equal opportunity for education.
•
It occurs to me that I still owe you five thousand dollars.
•
It took me three hours to finish the report.
79
引導副詞There構句
•
There will be a garden party tomorrow afternoon.
•
There is a basket of fruits on the table.
•
There was a rain shower last night.
•
There will have been 500 million AIDS patients in the whole world when there is a cure for the disease.
•
There have been a series of explosions after the fire.
•
There had been some tremors before the big earthquake occurred.
•
There may be a gas station ahead.
•
There ought to be a library in the school.
•
There must be twelve chapters in this book.
•
There may have been some discussions about this problem.
•
There seem to be a man and a woman in the car.
•
There happened to be an auto accident in front of my house last night.
•
There is sure to be a hot argument between them when they meet tomorrow.
•
There is likely to be a test tomorrow.
Here we go.
Here we are.
Here you are.
Here it is.
Here is the money.
Here comes the bus.
There goes the bell.
There goes the train.
There it stands.
There I agree with you.
80
Grammar Sentence Patterns
•
分詞構句
 [分詞片語，S+V] (時間)
 Walking down the street, he saw a strange thing.
 [分詞片語，S+V] (原因)
 Being extremely timid, he dare not try.
 [分詞片語，S+V] (條件)
 Turning to the right, you will find the house.
 [分詞片語，S+V] (方法)
 Using a magnetic card, he opened the door.
 [S+V,分詞片語] (讓步)
 Granting he is old, he is strong.
 [分詞片語，S+V] (結果)
 An airplane crashed, killing all the passengers on board.
•
不定詞構句
 [不定詞，S+V] (目的)
 To improve his English, he hired a native speaker for teacher.
 [不定詞，S+V] (條件)
 To use a common expression, he is ”as cunning as a fox.”
 [不定詞，S+V] (讓步)
 To give him all you have, you will still be unable to solve his problem.
 [不定詞，S+V] (假設語氣)
 To hear him talk, you would think him a foreigner.
81
Grammar Sentence Patterns
• 動名詞構句
 [動名詞片語，S+V] (時間)
 Upon returning home he found a stranger in.
 [動名詞片語，S+V] (原因)
 For completing the project, Smith was promoted to the position of
manager.
 [動名詞片語，S+V] (目的)
 For passing the exam, he burned midnight oil.
 [動名詞片語，S+V] (條件)
 By studying harder, you will be able to pass the exam.
 [動名詞片語，S+V] (方法)
 By reading newspaper every day, you can improve your English.
• 絶對片語構句
 The sun rising, we started our journey.
 Weather being fine, we want for a picnic.
 Weather permitting, we’ll leave on Monday.
82
Grammar Sentence Patterns
•
名詞構句
 [名詞，S+V] (原因)
 A mother of six children, she has much work to do.
 [S+V，名詞] (結果)
 He returned home from abroad, a scholar and millionaire.
•
形容詞構句
 [形容詞，S+V] (原因)
 Poor and weak, he has lost interest in life.
 [S+V，形容詞] (結果)
 He left his office, sad and weary.
•
介詞構句
 He has studied English for three years.
•
介詞片語構句
 We express our thought by means of words.
•
副詞構句








Clearly, obviously, apparently, evidently
Basically, fundamentally, essentially
Certainly, undoubtedly, admittedly
Fortunately, unfortunately
Publicly, privately
Socially, politically, economically, financially, militarily
Clearly, this is my fault.
Apparently, he is still in the dark.
介詞片語的結構：
其他詞+介詞
Because of, due to, according to,
Thanks to, as for, for all, with all
介詞+名詞+介詞
At the end of, in front of, in view of
On condition of, for the sake of,
By means of, in spite of,
In comparison with, in regard to
In proportion to, with the exception of
In addition to
特別內容者
In appreciation of, in recognition of
In honor of, in the name of,
At the speed of, under the excuse of
83
Notes of 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法
•
現在進行式的形態是
 verb to be + present participle（現在分詞）
•
現在分詞就是
 動詞＋ing
•
完成式的形式是 verb to have + past participle，

•
現在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那裡？
最重要的不同在於，一旦在句子中講一件過
去發生的事，而且指定特定的時間， 就一定要用
〝過去式〞，而不能用〝現在完成式〞。
比方說，〝我曾經看過「鐵達尼號」〞，
可以用現在完成式，因為這句話沒有指明
任何特定的時間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去
看「鐵達尼號」〞，就一定用過去式
I have read this book.
什麼情況之下要用現在完成式呢？
 發生在過去，而一直延續到現在，這種句子後面常有since或for
 I have studied English since 1963.
 強調已經完成的事
 I have already written the letter.
 He has already moved to a bigger house.
 表示一種經驗
 I have been to America.
 Have you ever seen snow?
 表示一件過去常發生的事
 We have already had two typhoons so far this year.
 He has already published three papers this year.
84
Notes of 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法
•
現在完成式和過去式比較
 I went to America last year (過去式). I have been to America. (現在完成式)
 I saw The Titanic last year (過去式). I have seen The Titanic twice. (現在完成式)
•
現在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用






•
如果有一個行動，從過去發生後，就一直延續到現在，我們可以用現在完成式，假如我們要
強調持續性，而且沒有間斷，我們可以用現在完成進行式





•
I have already had dinner.
Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
It has not rained for a long time.
I have never talked to this man before.
I have never met your father.
Have you ever been to America?
verb to have + been + present participle
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated from college.
He has been acting like a fool lately.
They have been dancing since seven o’clock.
過去完成式是不能單獨用的，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發生在過去，但 A 發生
在 B 以前，A 應該用過去完成式，B 則用過去式




He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強調較早發生事件的連續性，
我們可以用過去完成進行式
I had been watching TV before you called me.
85
Notes of 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法
•
所謂動名詞，乃是將一個動詞，字尾加上ing，一夜之間，這個動詞就可以當作名
詞用了
 I like singing.
 動名詞可用作主詞
 Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
 動名詞可以用作動詞的受詞
 He loves swimming.
 動名詞可以用作介系詞（preposition）的受詞
 This book is about traveling.
•
不定詞＝to＋動詞的原式
 To love is to forgive.
 不定詞可以用作主詞
 To play tennis is great fun.
 不定詞可以用成很多動詞的受詞
 I like to swim.
 不定詞可以跟在代名詞的後面
 I told him to work hard.
 不定詞常用在上述句子的被動語氣中
 He was told to work hard.
86
Notes of 專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法
• 以下的動詞後面，不定詞的後面都要省掉to
 Let, make, have, see, hear, watch, notice
Understanding English is easy.
I want you to work hard.
Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English.
I told him that I was going away.
Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色，
他們都沒有主詞，也沒有動詞，這種字群，叫做片語（phrase）。
Who has been to England 和 I was going away中，
內部都有主詞和動詞，這種字群，叫子句（clause）。
• 以下的動詞後面，不定詞的後面都要省掉to
 Let, make, have, see, hear, watch, notice
• 在英文裡，a有時必須用an代替，凡是一個字一開始的發音是母音的話，
那麼前面就不能用a，而必須用an
 an apple
87
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
句型
 初級句型 Simple Sentences
 基本句型及補語
 名詞片語與冠詞
 動詞時態
 不定詞片語
 動名詞
 分詞
 形容詞
 副詞
 語氣
 介系詞
 主詞動詞一致性
 中級句型 Complex Sentences, Compound Sentences
 名詞子句
 副詞子句
 關係子句
 對等連接詞與對等子句
 高級句型 Reduced Clauses, Inverted Sentences
 形容詞子句減化
 名詞子句減化
 副詞子句減化
 倒裝句
88
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
補語 (important!!!)
 John die (不及物, 可獨立發生) in World War Two (C).
 John killed (及物, 要有受詞) three enemy soldiers (O).
•
不必翻譯的動詞：be動詞
•
需求補語的動詞：在英文動詞中，接補語的動詞(連綴動詞)，都可以解釋為各種各樣的【是】
 Look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, turn, prove, become, make
 That dress looks pretty (SC).
•
主詞補語的句型，是用補語告訴人家主詞是什麼，中間用【是】為動詞串聯起來。
•
S+V+O+C的句型則是告訴大家受詞是什麼，中間暗示有一個【是】的關係存在。
 I find the dress (O) pretty (C).
•
補語的詞類，應該是名詞和形容詞比較合理，因為主詞或受詞都是名詞，所以補語也可以是
名詞，經由【是】的連接來表達全等的關係。
 John (S, N) was a soldier (C, N).
•
補語的詞類是形容詞，經由動詞【是】的引導來修飾主詞John是怎樣的人
 I consider (V) John (O) courageous (C, adj).
有兩個受詞的句型
John gave(授與v.) him a dog.
89
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The magician (s) moved (v) his fingers (o) quickly.
The police found the letter missing.
The police found the missing letter.
He ordered himself a steak and a bottle of red wine.
Don’t you like dancing?
The President has gone abroad on a visit.
That sounds like a good idea.
The box feels heavy.
He told his guests a dirty joke at the party.
The people elected Bill Clinton President.
The child asks her mother a million questions a day.
Monkeys love bananas.
You can leave the door open.
The company has gone bankrupt.
Why don’t you answer me?
I consider you a member of family.
It never rains in California.
You’ll look better with these designer glasses on.
I can see better without these reading glasses.
Do you call me liar?
90
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 名詞片語包括限定詞、形容詞、名詞三部分





a new book
many good students
his beautiful wife
the best answer
those sweet roses
• 動詞時態
 簡單式
 完成式
簡單式
•過去時間
•現在時間
•未來時間
完成式
•過去時間
•現在時間
•未來時間
91
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 簡單式之過去時間
 The U.S. established diplomatic relations with P.R.C. in 1979.
established
In 1979
 The movable print was introduced to England in 1485.
was
in 1485
 I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday.
was
The whole day yesterday
 I was watching TV when I heard the doorbell.
was
When I heard the doorbell
 The witness was being questioned in court when he had a heart attack.
was
when he had a heart attack
92
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 簡單式之現在時間





Huang pitches a fast ball.
He is our President.
All mothers love their children
7-11 is selling big cokes at discount this month.
According to NASA survey, the ozone layer is being depleted.
• 簡單式之未來時間
 There will be a major election in March.
 Don’t call me at six tomorrow. I’ll still be sleeping then.
 The building will be razed next month.
把be動詞當動詞看，句子就只剩下兩種狀態，簡單式與完成式
簡單式以括弧型的時間表示
完成式以箭頭型的時間來表達
Be動詞後面的分詞當做形容詞補語，現在分詞有正在進行的意思，過去分詞有被動的意思
93
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 完成式之現在時間
 I’m sure I have seen this face somewhere.
 We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order.
 The house has been redecorated twice since they moved in.
• 完成式之過去時間
 Many soldiers had died from pneumonia before the discovery of penicillin.
 I had been smoking three packs of cigarettes a day before I decided to quit.
 Japan had not been defeated yet by the time Germany surrendered
unconditionally.
• 完成式之未來時間
 Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years.
 Come back at 5:00. Your car will have been fixed by then.
 In two more minutes, she will have been talking on the phone for three hours.
94
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
不定詞片語
 To加原形動詞所形成的片語
 視為助動詞的變化
•
不定詞和助動詞的共同點
I am glad to know you.
還原成
I am glad because I can know you.
不定詞和助動詞的共同點
這句可以進一步改寫成
 後面都接原形動詞
I am glad because I am able to know you.
 I will go.
由於主詞相同，是重複的元素，動詞be是空的be動詞，
 I want to go.
沒有意義(I am都可以省略了，because也沒必要了)
 都有不確定的語氣
剩下的to know本身就帶有able to的暗示了，所以就變成
 He may be right.
I am glad to know you.
 He seems to be right.
 都要用完成式來表達相對的過去時間
 It must be raining now. (現在)
 It may rain any minute. (未來)
 It might even show. (未來)
 It must have rained last night. (過去)
 It seems to have rained last night. (過去)
 所有重要的語氣助動詞，都可以改寫為不定詞
 Must – have to
 Should – ought to
 Will/would – be going to
 Can/could – be able to
 May/might – be likely to
95
傳統文法的動狀詞(Verbals)包括了現在分詞(Ving)，
Notes of 旋元佑文法
過去分詞(Ven)，動名詞(Ving)與不定詞(to V)。
•
不定詞與動名詞的區分
其中現在分詞、過去分詞是形容詞類
 Plan
不定詞則是【不一定什麼詞類】：
 They plan to marry next month.
可以當名詞、形容詞、副詞使用
 Avoid
 I avoid making the same mistake twice.
 I avoid something.
 Hate
 I hate to say this, but I think you’re mistaken.
 Like/dislike
 I like to be the first.
 I don’t like to wait too long.
 I dislike standing in long lines.
 Try
 I always try to be on time.
 Why don’t you try being late for a changes?
 Remember
 Please remember to give me a wake-up call at 6:00 tomorrow.
 I remember calling her at 6:00 last night.
 Stop
 The speaker stopped talking at the second bell.
 The speaker stopped a second to drink some water.
96
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
Hate
 I have to say this, but I think you’re mistaken.
 To say是I have to say，也就是I must say的變化
•
Try
 I always try to be on time.
 To be on time可視為I can be on time的變化
動狀詞：
動名詞
不定詞
分詞(現在分詞及過去分詞)
•
•
Let, have, make等使役動詞，後面接原形動詞
感官動詞後接原形動詞
•
其他使役動詞
(都可當名詞)
容混淆
當形容詞用
 The little girl ask her mother to come to the PTA meeting
 The little asked if her mother would come to the PTA meeting.
 The teacher asked the little girl to stay behind.
 The teacher made the little girl stay behind. (後面接原形動詞)
97
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
動名詞的特性
 動名詞與普通名詞的比較
 Let me buy you a drink.
 Drinking is his only vice.
 動名詞片語與名詞子句的比較
 I(S) really enjoyed (V) teaching English to school children at night (O).
 I really enjoyed that I taught English to school children at night.
 動名詞片語可以視為名詞子句的變化
•
動名詞的一些變化
 複合字
 Picking strawberries can be fun.
 That anybody picks strawberries can be fun.
 主詞不能省略的處理方式
 I don’t like that John calls my girlfriend day after day.
 I don’t like John’s calling my girlfriend day after day.
 動名詞的被動態
 That I was invited here is a great honor.
 Being invited here is a great honor.
98
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 動名詞和現在分詞的分辨
 That flying(現在分詞) bird is a black-faced spoonbill.
 That flying(動名詞) jacket looks smart on you.
That flying bird
補語位置來看
That bird (S) is (v) flying (c).
傳統文去分析為
That bird (S) is flying (v).
動名詞 (表目的)
That is jacket for flying.
動名詞的結構接近普通名詞
可是往往帶有動作,持續的意味
現在分詞(表狀態)可以視為形容詞補語
而be動詞為動詞
99
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
把分詞一詞一律視為形容詞可收驾簡馭繁的效果
•
形容詞(可用分詞來取代之)位置
 名詞片語中
 補語位置
•
現在分詞與形容詞的關係
 That black dog doesn’t bite.
 A barking dog doesn’t bite.
•
過去分詞與形容詞的關係
 Clean water is safe to drink.
 Boiled water is safe to drink.
•
形容詞子句減化
Toy made in Taiwan are much better now.
Toy which are made in Taiwan are much better now.
The vase being auctioned now is Ming china.
Wounded in war, the soldier was sent home.
The pigeon, after flying 2000 miles, was caught up in a net.
Having finished the day’s work, the secretary went home.
帶有完成暗示而非被動態的過去分詞
 I can’t find my wallet. It’s gone (c).
•
現在分詞與過去分詞的區分
 現在分詞有進行的暗示，過去分詞有被動、完成的暗示
 He is disappointed at his scores.
 His scores are disappointing.
100
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
英文的修飾語有兩種
 副詞和形容詞
•
廣義的形容詞包括了形容詞子句，減化形容詞子句(包括了分詞片語，同位格，不定詞)，介
系詞片語，複合字及單字。
•
放在名詞後的形容詞
 I don’t know anybody else.
 John and his brother alike are unreliable.
 Money alone cannot solve our problem.
•
名詞轉用為形容詞
 A government store
•
複合字形容詞
 A five-year-old child
•
形容詞在名詞片語位置與補語位置的比較
 John is sick (c) today and couldn’t come to work.
 John is a sick man.
•
副詞修飾動詞、形容詞與副詞，但有時也可以修飾名詞
 Vegetables, especially spinach, are good for you.
101
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• Moods是利用動詞變化來表達【真、假】口吻的方式
 敘述實實語氣
 The movie starts in 5minutes
 條件語氣
 You may be right.
 The doctor thinks it can be AIDS.
 It may have rained a little last night. (用完成式表達對過去的猜測)
 假設語氣
 祈使語氣
102
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 假設語氣
 現在時間
 If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.
 過去時間
 If I had known earlier, I might have done something.
 未來時間
 If an asteroid should hit the earth, man could die out.
103
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
Complex Sentence：主要子句+從屬子句
•
從屬子句：名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句。
 名詞子句 I know that I am right.
 形容詞子句 My father is a man who always keeps his word.
 副詞子句 He works hard because he is in need of money.
•
名詞子句
 典型的名詞子句有以下的特性
 本身原來是一個完整、獨立的單句
 前面加上連接詞that，這個連接詞沒有意義，只有文法功能，表示後面跟著一個名
詞子句。
 名詞子句須放在主要子句的名詞位置(主詞，受詞，補語，同位格等位置)，當做名
詞使用
 主詞位置
 That he didn’t show up on time is strange.
I know who you are.
 受詞位置
 The defendant said that he didn’t do it.
 補語位置
 The important thing is that we are all right.
 同位格位置
 The story that he once killed a man might just be true.
104
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
副詞子句
 與主要子句之間有點像對等子句的關係
Call it a day 結束一天的工作
Let's call it a day
今天就到此為止
Give it a try
 副詞子句與對等子句的比較
 Because(從屬連接詞) he needs the money(副語子句), he works hard(主要子句).
 He needs the money(對等子句), and(對等連接詞) he work hard(對等子句).
 兩句的意思其實是一樣的，副詞子句用從屬連接詞because，而對等子句用對等連
接詞and。
 副詞子句與名詞子句比較
 The witness said that(連接詞) he saw the whole thing(名詞子句).
 The witness said this, though(連接詞) he didn’t really see it(副詞子句).
 副詞子句的種類
 He became more frugal after he get married.
 I was all over when I got there.
 If he call, I will say you are sleeping.
 As there is not much time left, we might as well call it a day.
 The mother locked away the drugs so that the kids wouldn’t swallow any by
mistake.
 Although you may object, I must give it a try.
 As far as money is concerned, you needn’t worry.
 He writes as if he was left handed.
105
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 形容詞子句(關係子句)
 兩個句子要有交集
 For boyfriend I am looking for a man.
 He is tall, rich, and well-educated.
 把交集點改寫為關係詞的拼法(wh-)，讓它產生連接詞的功能
 who is tall, rich, and well-educated
 將關係子句附於主要子句的交集點(名詞)後面來修飾它(作形容詞使用)
 For boyfriend I am looking for a man who is tall, rich, and well-educated.
• 關係子句的連接詞是子句中內含字眼的改寫，而名詞子句與副詞子句的連
接詞都是外加的
 I know that(外加的連接詞) I am right.
 I know this because(外加的連接詞) I have proof.
 I don’t trust people who(改寫而來的) talk to much.
• 關係子句(形容詞子句)中與主要子句的交集點，可能是代名詞，也可能是
副詞。改變為wh- 的拼法，分別稱為關係代名詞與關係副詞。
106
Notes of 旋元佑文法
代名詞
關係代名詞
He, she, they
Who
It, they
Which
His, her, their, its
whose
Him, her, them
Whom
副詞
關係副詞
Then
When
There
Where
So
How
For a reason
why
The man whom(可省略) you saw just now is my uncle.
如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，
就會改寫為關係副詞。
107
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
關係副詞
 如果關係子句中是以副詞和主要子句中的先行詞重複，就會改寫成關係副詞。
 When, where, how/why,
•
When




關係副詞when就是時間副詞then的改寫，有連接詞的功能
The rain came at a time.
The farmers needed it most then.
 兩個句子以a time和then的重複建立關係
 The rain came (at a time) (when) the farmers needed it most.
 at a time和when應該擇一省略來避免重複
 At a time和when都是可有可無的副詞類
 The rain came when the farmers needed it most.
 The rain came at a time the farmers needed it most.
I need some time.
I can be with my daughter then.
I need some time I can be with my daughter.
I know the time.
He will arrive then.
Some time雖然沒有內容，而且重複，但為
名詞類，不是可有可無的副詞類，不能隨便省略
I know the time (when) he will arrive.
如果省略the time  I know when he will arrive. 這就
不是關係副詞了，而是名詞子句
I know (v) when he will arrive (名詞子句).
108
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
Where
 關係副詞where就是地方副詞there的改寫
 The car stopped at a place.
 Three roads met there.
  The car stopped (at a place) (where) three roads met.
 At a place和where都是副詞類，擇一省略之
The Johnsons have a place (where) they can get away from other people.
Please tell me where you were last night(名詞子句).
•
How/why




由so改寫的how
由for a reason改寫成的why
Can you show me the way?
You pulled off that trick in that way (=so)
 Can you show me the way(先行詞) (how) you pulled off that trick(副詞子句)?
 the way為名詞類，不能省略之，如果省略，就會變成名詞子句了
 Can you show me how you pulled off the trick(名詞子句)?
109
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 有逗點的關係副詞子句
 Shakespeare was born in 1564.
 Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne then.
 Shakespeare was born in 1564, when Queen Elizabeth I was on the
throne.
 The best museum in Taiwan is the Palace Museum, where you can see our
national treasures.
• Wh-ever與副詞子句
 Whatever (=No matter what) he may say, I won’t change my mind.
 Whichever way you go, I’ll follow.
110
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 單句的結構只有五大句型的變化，複句及合句包含兩個以上的子句，其間
往往有重複的元素，因而有進一步精簡的空間
 減化子句
• 合句的減化方式是刪除對等子句間相對應位置(主詞與主詞、動詞與動詞)
重複的部分
• 複句的減化包括了名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句三種的減化，一般文
法書稱這三種從屬子句的減化為【非限定子句】，並稱其中的Ving(動名
詞或現在分詞)，Ven(過去分詞)與to V(不定詞)為【非限定動詞】
• 從屬子句減化的通則
 省略主詞與be動詞
 只保留補語部分
It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends
a funeral.
It is common to wear black while attending a funeral.
Whether it is insured or not, your house, which is a wooden building,
Needs a fire alarm.
Whether insured or not, your house, a wooden building, needs a
Fire alarm.
111
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 形容詞子句的減化
 形容詞子句就是關係子句，主從子句之間一定有重複的元素以建主關係，如
果重複的元素是關係子句的受詞，通常只是把關係詞本身省略。
 The main is here.
The main和him的重複而建立關係
 You asked about him.
 The main whom you asked about is here. (沒有減化的)
 The man you asked about is here. (減化的)
 補語為Ven
 Beer is most delicious.
 It is chilled to 6 degree.
 Beer which is chilled to 6 degree is most delicious.
 Beer chilled to 6 degree is most delicious.
 補語為Ving
 The ship which is coming to shore is from Taipei.
 The ship coming to shore is from Taipei.
 補語為to V
 John is the one who should go this time.
 John is the one to go this time.
形容詞子句的減化
112
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
不定詞的主動，被動判斷
補語為to V
 John is not a man to trust.
 John is not a man to be trust.
•
不定詞有無受詞的判斷








•
This is exactly the time.
We should do it at this time.
This is exactly the time when we should do it.
This is exactly the time we should do it.
This is exactly the thing.
We should do the thing.
This is exactly the thing which we should do.
This is exactly the thing we should do. (重複的元素是關係子句的受詞，通常只是把關係詞本身省略)
不定詞後面有無介系詞的判斷





He will be the toughest guy.
You must deal with the guy.
He will be the toughest guy whom you must deal with.
He will be the toughest guy you must deal with. (減)
He will be the toughest guy to deal with. (減)
形容詞子句的減化
113
Notes of 旋元佑文法
• 補語為一般形容詞
 Hilary Clinton, who is pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady.
 Hilary Clinton, pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady.
• 補語為名詞
 Bill Clinton, who is President of the U. S., is a Baby Boomer.
 Bill Clinton, President of the U. S., is a Baby Boomer.
形容詞子句的減化
114
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
名詞子句的減化
 名詞子句減化後的補語有兩個常見的型態：Ving, to V
•
減化後剩下的補語是Ving型態
 主詞位置
 That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.
 Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.
 受詞位置
 動詞的受詞
 Many husbands enjoy that you do the cooking.
 Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking.
 介系詞的受詞
 He got used to(介) something.
 He worked late into the night.
 He got used to working late into the night. (to後面不能接名詞子句 that he worked late into the night)
 補語位置
 His favorite pastime is that he goes finishing on the weekends.
 His favorite pastime is going finishing on the weekends.
名詞子句的減化
115
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
減化後剩下的補語是Ving型態
 主詞不能省略時
 改成SVOC句型
 I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me.
 I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me.
 用所有格來處理
 That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me.
 His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.
 加介系詞來處理
 I am worried that my son lies all the time.
 I am worried about my son lying all the time.
 如何處理被動態
 That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult.
 Being called a liar is the greatest insult.
 I am looking forward to something.
 I am invited to the party.
 I am looking forward to being invited to the party.
 動詞是單純的be動詞時
 That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience.
 Being a teacher requires a lot of patience.
名詞子句的減化
116
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
減化後剩下的補語是to V型態
 名詞子句的減化，若其中有語氣助動詞，含有不確定語氣，就會成為不定詞(to V)
 The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas.
 The children expect that they are to get presents for Christmas.
 The children expect to get presents for Christmas.
 主詞不適合省略時
 I want that you should go.
 I want that you are to go.
 I want you go to.
 代表疑問句的名詞子句減化
 What should I do?
 I don’t know the question.
 I don’t know what I should do.
 I don’t know what to do.
 To V與Ving的比較
 He forgot that he should see his dentist that day. (不確定)
 He forgot to see his dentist that day.
 He forgot that he saw the man before. (確定語氣)
名詞子句的減化
 He forgot seeing the man before.
117
Notes of 旋元佑文法
•
副詞子句的減化
 傳統文法把副詞子句的減化稱為分詞構句、獨立片語等。
 減化為Ving，若副詞子句是進行式，那麼就省主詞和be動詞，只剩下Ving補語。反之，若沒有語氣
助動詞可供改寫，就得改寫成進行式，再省略be動詞，也可以得到Ving的結果。
 While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.
 While lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.
•
Example 1
 Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well go home.
 Having nothing to do here, we might as well go home.
•
Example 2
 Although we have nothing to do here, we can’t leave early.
 Although having nothing to do here, we can’t leave early.
•
Example 3
 He raised his hand, as if he was trying to hit her.
 He raised his hand, as if trying to hit her.
•
Example 4
 As I am a student, I can’t afford to get married.
 As a student, I can’t afford to get married.
 Being a student, I can’t afford to get married.
•
Example 5
 Before he was in school, he used to be a naughty child.
 In school, he used to be a naughty child.
 Before being in school, he used to be naughty child.
•
Example 6
 After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail.
 After writing the letter, he put it to mail.
 Having written the letter, he put it into mail.
副詞子句的減化
118
Notes of 朗文英文文法全集
•
英文的詞性
 冠詞, 名詞, 介詞, 代名詞, 副詞, 連接詞, 副詞, 感歎詞, 形容詞, 動詞, 助動詞
•
You may have heard this joke before.
•
You should have taken some medicine.
•
I want you to be more careful.
•
S seem/appear +不定詞
 My dog seems to understand English.
•
I happened to see Jim in a bookstore.
 happen/prove/turn out
 It happened / turned out that …
•
Come/get to + 不定詞
 I come to like this small town.
•
be to 不定詞
119
Summary 1
五大句型
動詞
語態
子句
副詞
分詞
複句
名詞
動名詞
合句
形容詞
不定詞
動詞
代名詞
假設語氣
助動詞
準動詞
被動式
時態
片語
120
Summary 2
•
句子要素




•
不定詞(名詞用法)



•
名詞子句
副詞子句
形容詞子(關係子句)
 閞代
 關副
當主詞
當補語
當受詞
不定詞(副詞用法)


目的
結果
原形
不定詞 (名, 形, 副)
動名詞 (名)
分詞(現在, 過去) (形, 副)
動詞時態


•
SV
SVC
SVO
SVOO
SVOC
子句



•
冠詞, 名詞, 介詞, 代名詞, 副詞, 連接詞, 副詞, 感
歎詞, 形容詞, 動詞, 助動詞
動狀詞(準動詞)




•
•
五大句型





•
直述
疑問句
命令句
感嘆句
英文的詞性

句子形式




•
主部與述部
受詞
補語
修飾語
•
簡單式(現在, 過去, 未來)
完成式(現在, 過去, 未來)
助動詞

Can, be able to, may, must, have to, should,
ought to, could, might, would, will, need, used to
121
Summary 3
122
Summary 4
123
Summary 5
124
Reference
•
最新英文文法分析
•
背誦英文法200句型
•
朗文英文文法全集
•
旋元佑文法
•
英文論文寫作技巧
•
遠東新英文法
•
新觀念 簡明英文法
•
英文 文法學習者 綜合手冊
•
600句型輕鬆學 The Easy Way to Learn
•
專門替中國人寫的英文基本文法
•
英文法問&答
125