Diurnal Water Use & Implications for Master Planning
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Transcript Diurnal Water Use & Implications for Master Planning
Diurnal Water Use &
Implications for Master
Planning
Michigan Section AWWA Annual
Conference
August 13, 2010
Janice Skadsen
Co-Authors
Molly Wade, City of Ann Arbor
Pete Perala, City of Ann Arbor (retired)
Stan Plante, CDM
Henry Fan, CDM
Mark TenBroek, CDM
Goals of the Master Plan
IMPROVE city’s capacity to predict flow and
pressure in existing distribution system.
DETERMINE system improvements needed to
meet current and projected water demands
PRIORITIZE capital improvement projects
that will sustain reliable water distribution
into the future
Water Master Plan Project
Data Collected
– Collect detailed diurnal and seasonal water
use patterns for different types of customers
Data Purpose
– Use patterns in hydraulic model (InfoWater) to
provide more realistic water demands
City of Ann Arbor Statistics
Service area about 50
square miles
Population about
115,000
5 pressure districts
About 27,000 meters
All pipe InfoWater
hydraulic model
Automatic Data Readers (AMR)
Installed in 2004 to:
– Reduce FTEs for manual meter reading
– Reduce workman’s comp claims
– Improve data information and timeliness
– Improve customer service
Provides real-time detailed data
– Collect data twice per day
Cost $6.9M for approximately 27,000 meters
AMR Pattern Approach
Reprogrammed 100 meters:
– Used 30 minute data collection intervals
– Meters selected to represent a range of user
types
– Data collection between February, 2009 and
April, 2009
– Data collection completed September, 2009
Processed data:
– Develop weekly patterns
Ann Arbor WTP Production
30
25
Flow (mgd)
20
15
10
5
Average
0
Maximum
Minimum
AMR Data Patterns
Residential patterns:
– Consistent
– Outdoor Waterers
– Irrigation only meter
– Snowbird (not sampled)
Small commercial patterns
Large user patterns
Irrigation & outdoor waterer patterns
Residential Consistent Pattern
3.0
Normalized Water Use
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Hours
Sunday
Saturday
Sample size = 22
Residential Outdoor Waterer Pattern
3.0
Normalized Water Use
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Hour
Sunday
Saturday
Sample size = 6
Dedicated Irrigation Summer/Max Pattern
30.0
25.0
Normalized Usage
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
120
144
168
Additional Residential Patterns
Snowbird:
– No samples showing reduced winter use
– Recommend consistent residential
AMR Data Patterns
Residential patterns
Small commercial patterns
Large user patterns
Irrigation & outdoor waterer pattern
Pattern comparisons
Commercial Restaurant Average Pattern
3.5
Normalized Water Use
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 4
120
144
168
Commercial Multi-Family Housing Pattern
3.5
3.0
Normalized Water Use
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 8
120
144
168
Commercial Office Pattern
3.5
Normalized Water Use
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 5
120
144
168
Commercial Retail Pattern
3.5
Normalized Water Use
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 4
120
144
168
AMR Data Patterns
Residential patterns
Small commercial patterns
Large user patterns
Irrigation & outdoor waterer pattern
Pattern comparisons
Demand Distribution - Largest 200 Users
800
700
39% of total system
Average Usage (GPM)
600
demand
500
27% from Top 50 users
400
300
200
100
0
1
21
41
61
81
101
121
Usage Ranking
141
161
181
Large Users
User types:
– 12 Campus (Univ. of Michigan, community
college)
– 12 Medical (2 major hospitals)
– 7 Student Housing
– 3 Hotels
– 2 U of M Power Plant connections
– 2 Wholesale Customers
– 1 Retirement Home
– 1 Office
– 1 Unique (mixed commercial /residential)
6.0
Campus
5.0
U/M SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Normalized water use
U/M MICHIGAN UNION
U/ M PALMER DRIVE COMMONS
4.0
U/M LAUNDRY NC
U/M ELECTRICAL ENG & COMPUTER
SCEINCE
3.0
U/M MASON HALL
U/M EAST HALL
U/M LITERATURE SCIENCE AND THE ART
2.0
U/M INTRAMURAL SPORTS BLDG
U/M LURIE ENGINEERING
U/M (Chemistry Building)
1.0
(WCC)
0.0
0
24
48
72
Hours
96
120
144
168
6.0
Campus - representative
Normalized water use
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 11
120
144
168
6.0
Medical
5.0
U/M CANCER & GERIATRIC
U/M UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
Normalized water use
U/M UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
4.0
U/M MEDICAL SCIENCE II
U/ M BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
RESEARCH BLDG
VETERANS ADMIN HOSP
3.0
U OF M/ CARDIO VASCULAR BLDG
U/M MEDICAL SCIENCE III
2.0
U OF M CANCER & GERIATRIC
U/M DENTAL/KELLOGG
U/M MEDICAL SCIENCE III
1.0
U/M DENTAL/KELLOGG
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
120
144
168
6.0
Medical - representative
Normalized water use
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 12
120
144
168
6.0
Student
U/M BURSLEY HALL
HURON TOWERS APTS
U/M MARY MARKLEY
5.0
U/M NORTHWOOD V APTS 2701
U/M WEST QUADRANGLE
U/M VERA BAITS II COMAN HSE
Normalized water use
U/M SOUTH QUAD
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
120
144
168
6.0
Student - representative
Normalized water use
5.0
4.0
Commercial Multi-Family Average pattern
Student - straight average pattern
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 7
120
144
168
6.0
Hotel
5.0
WEBERS INN
DALHMAN APTS LTD (Campus Inn)
Normalized water use
WINSTON HOSPITALTY (Marriott)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
120
144
168
6.0
Hotel - representative
Normalized water use
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 3
120
144
168
Retirement Homes
6.00
Normalized water use
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
Sample size = 1
120
144
168
Retirement Homes Approach
Assume two types of use:
– Assisted living:
Recommend
using monitored pattern
– Retirement community:
Recommend
using multi-family pattern
6.0
Scio Township
5.0
SCIO TOWNSHIP
Normalized water use
SCIO TOWNSHIP
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hours
120
144
168
Scio Approach
Monitored pattern reflects tank operation
Composite demands unknown
Recommend using Ann Arbor’s composite
pattern
6.0
Large User Average Pattern
Normalized Water Use
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
24
48
72
96
Hour
120
144
168
AMR Data Patterns
Residential patterns
Small commercial patterns
Large user patterns
Irrigation & outdoor waterer pattern
Pattern comparisons
Seasonal Patterns
Criteria:
– Consider all AMR data for 2 years
– Standard deviation
averages
> 40% of monthly
– Summer use (May – August)
(Sept, Oct, Mar & Apr)
> rest of year
7
Normalized Water Use
6
Seasonal Water wUsers
20% of residential
22% of small
commercial
0% of large users
Irrigation only
meters (746
accounts, 4 large
user) – develop
generated pattern
due to lack of data
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
24
48
72 96
Hours
120 144 168
AMR Data Patterns
Residential patterns
Small commercial patterns
Large user patterns
Irrigation & outdoor waterer pattern
Pattern comparisons
– Average day
– Non-summer day
– Summer max day
– Max day
Existing diurnal pattern
35
Demands by User Type
30
25
System Demand (MGD)
1.5
TOP 200
Small Commercial - Average
Commercial Retail
20
Commercial Restaurant
Commercial Office
Commercial Multi-Family
15
Commercial Irrigation
Residential Outdoor Waterers
Residential Consistent
UFW
10
5
0
Year Round
Non-Summer
Summer Max
Max Day
60
Annual Average Patterns
System Demand (MGD)
50
TOP 200
40
Small Commercial - Average
Commercial Retail
Commercial Restaurant
Commercial Office
30
Commercial Multi-Family
Commercial Irrigation
Residential Outdoor Waterers
20
Residential Consistent
UFW
14.8
10
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
60
Non-Summer Patterns
System Demand (MGD)
50
TOP 200
40
Small Commercial - Average
Commercial Retail
Commercial Restaurant
Commercial Office
30
Commercial Multi-Family
Commercial Irrigation
Residential Outdoor Waterers
20
Residential Consistent
UFW
13.3
10
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
60
Summer Patterns
System Demand (MGD)
50
TOP 200
40
Small Commercial - Average
Commercial Retail
Commercial Restaurant
30
Commercial Office
Commercial Multi-Family
Commercial Irrigation
20.8
Residential Outdoor Waterers
20
Residential Consistent
UFW
10
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
60
Max Day Patterns
System Demand (MGD)
50
TOP 200
40
Small Commercial - Average
Commercial Retail
30.3
Commercial Restaurant
30
Commercial Office
Commercial Multi-Family
Commercial Irrigation
Residential Outdoor Waterers
20
Residential Consistent
UFW
10
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
60
Diurnal Pattern Comparison – Average Day
50
System Demand (MGD)
Year Round
Year Round - Original Diurnal
40
30
20
10
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
60
Diurnal Pattern Comparison – Max Day
System Demand (MGD)
50
40
30
20
10
Max Day
Max Day - Original Diurnal
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
3
Comparison of Diurnal
Demands in Model
UFW
Residential Consistent
Residential Outdoor Waterers
Small Commercial
TOP 200
Original Diurnal
Normalized Water Use
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Benefits
Higher peaks and lower minimums observed
versus typical assumptions
Improved understanding of water use,
particularly local conveyance
Effort minimal to reprogram and collect data,
but some effort to analyze
Data collection limited by volunteer
participation & battery life
Recommendations
Consider developing residential user classes
– Consistent year-round use
– Summer waterer with increased summer peaks
Use large user flows and patterns directly
where available
Consider a variety of commercial and small
industrial patterns where possible