Transcript Availability of Low-GWP Alternatives Options for Near Term

Availability of
Low-GWP Alternatives
Options for Near Term &
Longer Term Transitions
OZONACTION NETWORK FOR LATIN AMERICA
AND THE CARIBBEAN
OCTOBER 6-8 2010
Mexico, D.F.
Cindy Newberg, Branch Chief
Alternatives & Emissions Reduction Branch
US Environmental Protection Agency
Scope of Presentation
• Context: ODS and HFCs
• Availability of Substitutes: Different Sectors at
Different Times
– Specific Examples
• SNAP
• Summary
Relationship Between Ozone Depleting
Substances and Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Gases
Ozone Depleting Substances
(Halogen Gases)
Methyl Chloride
(CH3Cl)
HFCs
Halons
H-1301
H-1211
CO2
HFC-23
HFC-134a
HFC-125
N2O
HCFCs
Methyl Bromide
(CH3Br)
Carbon Tetrachloride
(CCl4)
Methyl Chloroform
(CH3CCl3)
CH4
SF6
CFCs
CFC-11
CFC-12
CFC-113
PFCs
Many Substitutes Available and
More on the Way
• “The ultimate choice of technology to phase-out HCFCs will be
based on ozone depletion and also climate impact, health,
safety, affordability and availability, as Decision XIX/6 requires”
May 2010 TEAP XXI/9 Task Force Report
Assessment Of HCFCs and Environmentally Sound Alternatives
• 2010 TEAP Progress Report
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Substitutes for many sectors and sub-sectors available
Additional substitutes under development
Global acceptance for alternatives strengthening
Potential to skip higher-GWP HFC alternatives, go directly to
lower GWP alternatives
Sectors Will Transition at
Different Times
• Various factors will influence speed of transition
– Domestic and regional requirements, e.g., European F-Gas
rule
– Availability of alternatives
– Advanced design options that reduce charge size
– Global expansion of air-conditioning and refrigeration
– Proven technologies, ability to avoid multiple transitions
– Opportunity to focus on sectors instead of chemicals
• Examples follow
Potential Near Term Transition:
Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning
Passenger Cars and
Light Duty Trucks:
Buses and Trains:
Available Options:
Commercial Refrigeration
Stand-Alone
Equipment
Condensing
Unit Systems
Multiplex Rack
Systems
Changing Chemicals Is Not Only Option
Advanced Refrigeration System Designs:
• Distributed systems & indirect systems available
– Distributed systems can lower refrigerant charge by 30–50%
– Indirect systems can lower refrigerant charge by 50–80%
• Europe: indirect systems are norm
• US: distributed systems ~40% of new installations and
indirect systems are gaining significant market share
Supermarkets can reduce HFC use by
changing system designs
Available & Near Term Options:
Unitary A/C
Alternatives to R-407C & R-410A:
- lower GWP HFCs, e.g., HFC-32
- HCs and CO2
- potentially HFOs, blends
How U.S. Could Meet HFC Phasedown
U.S. HFC Consumption (MMTCO2eq)
700
700
Known Reduction Opportunities
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
0
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
Country “A” Baseline
Baseline
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
• Makeup
–
–
–
–
–
–
20% Mobile AC (HFC)
5% Refrigeration (HFC)
20% Refrigeration (HCFC)
30% Stationary AC (HCFC)
20% Foam (HCFC)
5% Other Sectors (HCFC)
• Growth Rates:
– 10% 2010-2030 (majority of HCFC
phased out)
– 1% 2030-2050 (population growth)
How Country “A” Could Meet
the HFC Phasedown
Country A HFC Consumption (% of Baseline)
400
400
350
350
300
300
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Mobile AC
Foams
Refrigeration
Stationary AC
Other Sectors
AC Projected
BAU
Cap
Mitigated
Identifying Safer Alternatives
• USEPA evaluates & lists substitutes that reduce
overall risk to human health & environment
• Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program
reviews:
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–
–
–
–
ODP and GWP
Flammability
Toxicity
Contributions to smog
Aquatic and ecosystem effects
Occupational health and safety
• 400+ substitutes reviewed for end uses in 8 sectors:
– Alternatives acceptable, unacceptable, or acceptable with
use conditions
• Prohibited or restricted e.g., from use in occupied
settings, unacceptable where safer alternatives exist for
same uses
What’s Ahead for SNAP?
• SNAP evaluating substitutes that, compared to current
options, offer significantly lower- or no-GWP choices
• Lower-GWP alternatives in SNAP review (examples):
– Proposed acceptable with use conditions:
• HCs for stand-alone commercial refrigeration
• HCs for residential refrigerator/freezer
• HFO-1234yf for new motor vehicle air conditioners
• CO2 for new motor vehicle air conditioners
Summary
• Suite of known alternatives, technologies, and better
handling can significantly reduce HFC consumption in
near and long term
• Considering HCFCs and HFCs together allows for
focus on the sectors, rather than chemicals
– In some cases, may reduce need for multiple transitions
• Today there are substitutes for many sectors and subsectors available
• Additional substitutes under development
– Similar to ODS phaseout
Questions and Comments
• Thank You
• For More Information, Visit:
– U.S. EPA’s Website on Ozone Layer Depletion:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html
– Information and analysis of Amendment Proposal
including sector fact sheets:
• http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/mpagreement.html