Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
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Transcript Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Human Learning &
Memory
Siena Heights University
Chapters 7 & 8
Dr. S.Talbot
Cognitive Process
◦ Def. – how people ______, ______, ______
and ______ about their environment.
◦ Edward Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
Learning can be internal rather than external
(latent).
Behavior is purposive (has a purpose).
Expectations affect behavior.
Learning results in an organized body of
information.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Gestalt Psychology – we experience our
world beyond the simple sensations
produced.
◦ Perception is often ________ than reality.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Gestalt Psychology – we experience our world
beyond the simple sensations produced.
◦ Perception is often different than reality.
◦ The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
◦ An organism structures and organizes experience
(911).
◦ An organism is predisposed to organize information
in certain ways.
Law
Law
Law
Law
of
of
of
of
proximity
similarity
Pragnanz (kiss)
closure
◦ Problems solving involves insight.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Verbal Learning
◦ Serial Learning (days of the week) v. Paired
Associate Learning (a new language).
◦ Serial Learning
Primacy effect
Recency effect
◦ Massed practice v. Distributed practice.
◦ Characteristics of the materials affects the
speed at which we learn and forget.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Nonsense syllables (and even
pronunciation BPX v. DNK)
◦ Meaning is important.
◦ We search for meaning.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
People Organize what they learn.
People learn ideas faster than verbatim
words.
People use encoding strategies (i.e.
images, pneumonic, number sequences).
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Cognitive Theory Differences
◦ Some learning is unique to ______(v. universal
to all organisms).
◦ People are ______ involved in learning (v.
passive).
◦ Some learning does not get reflected in
external behaviors.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Human Memory v. Learning
◦ How is learning different than memory?
◦ Memory is the ability to encode, store and
retrieve information.
◦ Learning is the acquisition of new information
and skills.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Dual – Store Model of Memory
Register
◦ Long and short - term memories are distinctly
different.
Color changing card trick.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Human Memory
◦ Sensory
Attention – Color changing cards
Significance of info, emotion, incongruity,
motion, intensity, novelty, social cues.
Limitations to attention?
◦ Short – term or working memory.
◦ Digit Span: Test of attention and short-term memory; string of numbers is
recalled forward or backward
◦ Typically part of intelligence tests or MSE.
◦ Magic Number 7 (Plus or Minus 2): STM is limited to holding seven (plus or minus
two) information bits at once
◦ Information Bits: Meaningful units of information
◦ Information Chunks
Meaning
◦ Long - term
Capacity
Duration?
What we remember depends on what we find__________, what
we regard as ___________ or what we find ___________
strong.
◦ Debate.
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning
Engrams, Neurons and Brain Mapping
◦ Priming
◦ Constructive Processing
Chapter 7 & 8 –Cognitive Views of Learning