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海洋汙染與環境 陳孟仙 教授 國立中山大學 海洋生物科技暨資源學系 E-mail:[email protected] Tel:+886 7 5252000 # 5028 海洋環境中的污染源 冷卻水 Agricultural sprays 大氣沉降 工業廢水 廢棄船殼 鑽油滲漏 都市廢棄物 污水處理排放 汽機車排氣 油污 船舶垃圾 核廢料 棄置 廢棄物的種類 -1/5 I. Degradable wastes 可分解的廢棄物 • • • • • • • 1. Urban sewage 都市廢水 2. Agricultural wastes 農漁業廢棄物及廢水 3. Food processing wastes 食品加工業 4. Brewing & distillery wastes 釀酒業 5. Paper pulp mill wastes 造紙業 6. Chemical industry wastes 化學工廠 7. Oil spillages 漏油 廢棄物的種類– 2/5 & 3/5 II. Fertilizers 肥料: N, P, K III. Dissipating wastes 發散性廢物 1. Heat 熱 2. Acids & Alkalis 酸和鹼 3. Cyanide 氫化物 廢棄物的種類– 4/5 & 5/5 • Conservative wastes恆守性廢棄物 • 1. Heavy metals 重金屬 • 2. Halogenated hydrocarbons (DDT, PCBs… etc.) 多環碳氫化合物 • 3. Radioactivity 放射性物質 • Solid wastes固體廢棄物 • • • • 1. Dredging spoil 鑿井 2. Mining waste 開礦 3. Fly ash 煤灰 4. Gravel extraction 抽砂和採砂石 耗氧性廢物 • Bacterial degradation 細菌可分解 • Aerobic bacteria 好氧菌 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → H2O + 6CO2 DO <1.5 mg l -1 → Anaerobic bacteria 厭氧菌 → H2S, NH4, CH4 稀釋是解決污染的方法 The best solution of pollution is dilution • Water saturated with O2, BOD5=8-8.5 mgl-1 • BOD5 of urban sewage = 500 mgl-1 • BOD5 of spilled beer = 7000 mgl-1 • River flow = 8 m3S-1 with BOD5 = 2 mgl-1 Effluent input 1 m3S-1 with BOD5 = 20 mgl-1 BOD after mixing = total BOD / total volume = (8x2)+(1x20)/8+1=4 河川中排放有機污染後的河水混合區 用生物需氧量來檢視水污染 • • • • • • • Unpolluted BOD5 < 2 mgl-1 Salmon & trout BOD5< 3 mgl-1 Migratory fishes BOD5< 4 mgl-1 Coarse fish BOD5< 6 mgl-1 Drinking water BOD5< 7 mgl-1 Grossly polluted BOD5> 10 mgl-1 Sewage effluent BOD5< 20 mgl-1 (Common dilution factor in river is 8:1) Hypoxia 缺氧 • 1. Input of organic matter → Primary production ↑→ Fisheries production ↑ • 2. Eutrophication • 3. Stratification of water column • 5. Development of hypoxia →valued • 4. DO < 2 mgl-1 = 18 % of air saturation Demeral fish spp. → less desirable planktonic omnivores • 6. Anoxia → Dead zone Succession of benthic community of hypoxia 水中溶氧降低對 水生生物的影響 游泳動物死亡 游泳無脊椎動物死亡 無脊椎動物死亡 無大型動物活存 底棲動物死亡 0.35 0.7 1.1 1.4 油污染 • Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with 4 –26 or more carbon atoms in the molecule. • Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be potent carcinogens (潛在致癌物). • S and V compounds are also included in crude oil and non-hydrocarbons may represent up to 25% of the oil. 油污清除方式 抽集攔油索中的油 人工剪除污草 底質挖除 自我分解 噴灑除油劑 攔油索 油污在海表上的命運 油污染對漁業的損害 • Adult fish can avoid areas affected by floating oil, but toxic to fish eggs & larvae (毒魚卵和仔魚). • Hatching (孵化率下降) of fertilized capelin (Mallotus villosus) ↓, at 10 – 25 nl l-1. • Abnormalities (發育畸型) of fish development at 250 ul l-1 • Amoco cadiz 1977 on Brittany coast →1-year-class of flatfish (損失一年級群的魚). • Tumours & fin erosion in fish (魚體長腫瘤及爛鰭). • Shellfisheries →crab for 7 yrs, clam for 6 yrs • Tainting (off flavours) (臭油味) 重金屬 • Conservative pollutants → not subject to bacterial degradation (細菌無法分解). • Bioaccumulated in their tissues (生物蓄積). • Biomagnificated up through food chain (生物放大). • Essential elements (必需元素), i.e. Fe (haemoglobin), Cu (haemocyanin), V (respiratory pigment of tunicates), Zn (enzymes), Co (vitamin B12). • Non essential elements (非必需元素), i.e. Pb, Cd, Hg, As. 魚類對重金屬的反應 (e.g. Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) (e.g. Cd, Pb, Hg, As) 汞的生物放大作用 x 1.6 x 2.6 x 2.3 3 x 107 x 20 x 20 x 106 x 106 x 106 unit ：μg / kg Mercury concentration in the Onondaga Lake aquatic food web. (Becker,1995) 汞的自然來源 • Natural inputs • 1. Volcanic activity 火山爆發 • 2. Forest fires 森林燃燒 • 3. Biological formation 生物作用 • →3600-4500 t/y • = 50-75% of total inputs (6000-7500 t/y) 汞的人為來源 Man-made inputs (1000-6000 t/y) • • • • • • • • • 1. Agricultural pesticides 農業殺蟲劑 2. Pharmaceitocals 藥物 3. Lumber & paper industries 製紙 4. Gold & silver mining, smelting 冶金銀礦 5. Cinnabar (HgS) 汞礦開採 6. 鹼氯工業 7. Fossil fuel 石化燃料 8. Municipal wastes 都市廢水 9. Sewage sludge 污泥 魚肉中的汞濃度 • • • • • • • • • 1. Most fish < 0.15 ppm (mg/kg) 2. Large hake (Merluccius) = 3.2 (Hg-bearing ores) 3. Cod (Gadus morhua) = 1.29 (Denmark & Sweden, heavily poll.) = 0.15 - 0.2 (North Sea) = 0.01 – 0.04 (Greenland) 4. Tuna, swordfish, marlin > 1, max. 4.9 5. Shark 6. Halibit >115kg & ½>60kg → >1 汞的食用限值 • WHO: 0.2 mg me-Hg; 0.3 mg ΣHg / week • UNEP ( 2003):1.6 ug/kg/wk • M=1.6x70=112ug; F=1.6x55=88ug • 20 g fish /day in UK • 0.5 or 1 ppm Hg flesh weight as Std. 台南安順與其他鹼氯污染地區之比較 Region Tainan, Taiwan Kuwait South Florida US Great Lakes THg in Fish muscle OHg in Fish muscle THg in Sediment (mg/kg wet wt.) (mg/kg wet wt.) (mg/kg dry wt.) 0.082~1.377 0.048~0.794 15~24 0.016~0.872 0.03~2.22 0.001~0.636 Minamata 前: 9~24 Bay 後: 0.01~1.74 <0.001~0.727 0.01~1.01 — — — Ref. This Study Al-Majed & Preston, 2000 0.001~0.22 Kannan et al., 1998 0.04 Francis et al., 1998 前:14~908 後: 27~29 Fujiki & Tajima, 1992 台南安順與七股潟湖的比較 (Chen, 2002) 台南安順 Item Fish Muscle 海鰱 Elops machnata 曳絲鑽嘴魚 Gerres filamentosus 短棘鰏 Leiognathus equulus 大鱗鮻 Liza macrolepis 烏魚 Mugil cephalus 環球海鰶 Nematalosa come 虱目魚 Chanos chanos Sediment 七股潟湖區 比值 Mean S.D Mean S.D 0.748 0.378 0.068 0.021 11 0.522 0.180 <0.025 - 21 0.387 - <0.025 - 15 0.207 0.029 0.046 0.005 5 0.106 0.022 <0.025 - 4 0.317 0.078 <0.025 - 13 0.209 0.072 <0.025 - 8 18.4 5.1 <0.15 - 123 Fish muscles : 4~21倍 Sediment : 123倍 多環碳氫化合物 • Low molecular weight compounds: • 1. Natural: methane • 2. Industrial solvents: CH3CHCL,CCL4, …. CFCs, CCl3F, CCl2F3…… • Pesticides & PCBs: DDTs (1939-), Drins,, BHC, HCB,Toxaphene (1940s-, insecticide), PCBs (1930s-, paints, plastics, adhesives, coating compounds…, 1x106 t/y), Dioxins, Furan….. 氯 半化 致物 死對 濃魚 度類 的 環境荷爾蒙 • PCBs, pesticides & various organic compounds, TBT. • Sewage effluents contain oestrogens. • Fish contain large quantities of vitellogenin. 雄比目魚血液中的卵黃前質 control 放射線物質 • Sources: • 1. Natural background • 2. Weapons testing • 1963 ban treaty by USA, UK, USSR • 1974 Pacific, France & PROC • 3. Nuclear reactors in power plant (436 by 2000): liquid & solid wastes 放射線物質的半衰期 • • • • 1. Long half-life, low radioactivity 2. Pu239 half life 24,400 yr 3. Ra226 half life 1,602 yr 4. Sr90 & Cs137 half life 30 yr 核 武 試 爆 產 生 的 Sr90 Highest in 1962-1964 β-activity in cod & haddock caught in the Barents Sea Highest in 1962-1964 抽砂 • Sediment extraction • 1. Sand & gravel extraction • 2. Tin ore 海 床 上 抽 砂 的 方 法 Anchor dredging 75 m x 20m Trailer dredging 2 m x 20- 30cm 固體廢物的棄置 物 種 的 排 序 ABC 曲線 B>A B=A B<A Multivariate Analysis 多變值分析 熱污染 • Power plant (電廠溫排水) • △T = out– in < 4 OC • 秘雕魚 大鱗鮻 & 花身雞魚的稚魚 Temp. > 36 OC for 2 weeks 脊椎骨彎曲