Transcript A ne3vkR

maihtI s>car:-
maihtI moklnar
maihtI me5vnar
b/oDkaS3
reiDyo
wa8a
vayr
ma@ym
Maa[k/ovev
se3ela[3
[Nf/areD
kMPyu3r ne3vkRno pircy:Jyare iv&vna juda juda wagoma> Aavela be ke te4I v2u kMPyu3rone AekbI= sa4e =eDvanI j½iryat ]wI 4[ Tyare
ne3vikR>gnI rcna 4[
Jyare be ke te4I v2u sa2no ne AekbI= sa4e =eDvama> Aave Tyare te Aek ne3vkRnI rcna kre 0e.
kMPyu3r ne3vkR Ae s>car kDIAo ¹ara =eDayel ]pyog m4koÜnoDÝno smuh 0e.
samaNy rIte ne3vkR ivkeN¸It p/ik/yano ]pyog kre 0e.jema> ko[ Aek kayRne Anek kMPyu3r vCce vhe>cvama>
Aave 0e.
3u>kma> Svay| pr>tu> AekbI= sa4e =eDayela As>Qy kMPyu3rone kMPyu3r ne3vkR khe 0e.
An example of a network
Router
Hub
Bridge
Hub
Internet
Segment
Node
maihtI s>carnu> inymn
maihtI s>carnu> inymn krta inymone p/o3okol khevay 0e
p/o3okol
FTP
HTTP
TCP/IP
PPP
SMTP
TELNET
s>carna p/karo
AekmagIRy
A2Ri¹magIRy
s>pU`R i¹ magIRy
AekmagIRy
Aa pµitma> s>car ma@ymnI s>pU`R 9mta ma•a Aek trf De3a moklvama> j vpra[ =y 0e.
A2Ri¹magIRy
Aeksmye De3avhnnI idxa
sa2n - Ô
sa2n - Ó
bI= smye De3avhnnI idxa
da.t. - vokI3okI
Aa pµitma> bNne 0eDa pr Aavela sa2no s>dexanI Aap-le krI xke 0e
pr>tu Aa bNne kayR Aeksa4e 4[ xkta n4I.
s>pU`R i¹ magIRy
Aa pµitma> bNne 0eDa pr Aavela sa2no Aeksa4e sma>tr rIte s>dexa moklI p` xke 0e Ane me5vI
p` xke 0e.
sa2n - Ó
sa2n - Ô
kMPyu3r ne3vkR nI j½iryat
s>sa2nonI vhe>c`I
b2aj kMPyu3r pr sof3ver p/S4aipt krva qcaR5 0e.
nva haDRver qrIdva pa05 krva pDta v2arana qcRne 63aDva mdd½p 0e.
zDp
ne3vkRpr ]plB2 fa[l Ane s>sa2nono Aap`e zDp4I ]pyog krI xkIAe
0IAe.
De3ane lavva l[ jva ma3e FD ke CD ma> smyno bgaD 4ay 0e.
s>car suiv2a
iv&vna ko[p` qu`e [-me[l s>dexa moklva temj me5vva ma3e ne3vkR qubj
]pyogI bne 0e.
ne3vkR pr Aonla[n s>dexanI Aap-le krI xkay 0e.
 iviDyoswa Ane ccaRswa ¹ara durna S45o pr kam krtI VyiktAo sa4e
s>pkRma> rhI xkay
ne3vkRna gu`2moR
wOitk 3opolo+
=eDa`nap/karo
Poa[N3 3u po[N3
miL3po[N3
mex
bs
ilNk:-Aek sa2n4I bI= sa2n su2I De3ane pho>caDtI s>car VyvS4ane ilNk khe 0e.
S3ar
rI>g
Poa[N3 3u po[N3
sa2n - Ó
ilNk
sa2n - Ô
Poa[N3 3u po[N3:- Aa p/kar be sa2no vCce s>pU`R smipRt ilNk Aape 0e.
miL3po[N3
Aa p/karna =eDa`ma> be krta v2u sa2no Aekj ilNkno ]pyog kre 0e.
Saa2n - Ó
Saa2n -Ô
svRr
Saa2n -Õ
3opolo+ Ae3le xu> ?
ilNk vCcena wOgoilk s>b>2o Ane s>carna sa2no4I bntI rcnane 3opolo+
khe 0e.
ne3vkRnI wOitk 3opolo+ AekbI= sa4e =eDayela be ke te4I v2u
sa2nona s>yojnnI babt dxaRve 0e.
3opolo+na p/kar
mex
bs
S3ar
rI>g
mex 3opolo+:drek sa2nne bI= drek sa2n sa4e s>pu`R smpIRt po[N3 3u po[N3 ilNk hoy 0e.
Saa2n-Ô
Saa2n-Õ
Saa2n-Ó
Saa2n-Ö
mex 3opolo+na fayda-gerfayda
• Fayda
• gerfayda
• tema v2u keblnI j½r pDe 0e.
• Saa2n potano war vhn kre 0e Ane
• [npu3-Aa]3pu3 ma3ena po3RnI v2u j½r
§aifk smSya dur kre 0e.
pDe 0e.
• be sa2no vCce guPtta Ane slamtI =5vI
• drek sa2nne =eDva ji3l haDRver p` j½rI
xkay 0e.
0e.
• Ko[ ilNk ibn]pyogI bne to Aaqa
ne3vkRne ko[ Asr 4tI n4I.
• qamI pkDvI Ane qamIyukt ilNkne Alg
krvI sr5 0e.
bs 3opolo+:ne3vkRna tmam sa2no Aek kroDrjju sman kebl ne3vkR ¹ara
=eDayela hoy 0e.
te miL3po[N3nu> ]dahr` 0e.
Saa2n - Ó
Saa2n -Ô
Saa2n -Õ
Saa2n -Ö
bs 3opolo+na> fayda-gerfayda
• Fayda
• tmam kMPyu3r Aekj kebl4I
=eDayel hova4I teno Aml krvo
Aasan 0e.
• Hyat kebl sa4e nva sa2no =eDIne
Aa 3opolo+ v2arI xkay 0e.
• Kebl qcR 63e 0e.
• gerfayda
• muQy keblma> w>ga` pDta Aaqu
ne3vkR b>2 4[ =y 0e.
• qamI xo2vI muXkel 0e.v2u §aifk
ne3vkRne 2Imu paDe 0e.
S3ar 3opolo+:Aa 3opolo+ma> drek sa2nne ma•a m@yS4 iny>•ak kMPyu3r A4va hb sa4e j s>pu`R smpIRt
po[N3 3u po[N3 ilNk hoy 0e.
tema =e ko[ sa2n bI= sa2nne De3a moklva [C0e to te sO p/4m m@yS4 iny>•ak ne mokle 0e
Ane m@yS4 iny>•ak te De3ane inyt sa2nne moklI Aape 0e.
Saa2n -Ø
Saa2n -×
Saa2n -Ó
Saa2n -Ô
m@yS4 iny>•ak
Saa2n -Õ
Saa2n -Ö
S3ar 3opolo+na fayda - gerfayda
• Fayda
• tema> m@yS4 iny>•ak sa4e v2u
sa2no =eDIne ne3vkR v2arI xkay
0e.
• nva sa2no =eDta ke calu sa2no
ka!I leta ne3vkRne ko[ qlel
pho>ctI n4I
• 9itg/St sa2nne dur krI xkay 0e.
• gerfayda
• tema bs 3opolo+ krta v2u
keblnI j½r pDe 0e.
• =e m@yS4 iny>•ak in*f5 =y to
b2a noD in*f5 =y
• Aa 3opolo+ v2u qcaR5 0e.
ir>g 3opolo+
drek sa2nne s>pu`R smpIRt po[N3 3u po[N3 =eDa` hoy 0e.
ir>gma> drek sa2nma> s>ketne ir>gma> Aag5 moklvanI VyvS4a hoy 0e.
tema> drek sa2n tena n+kna pDoxI noD sa4e =eDvama> Aave 0e.
=e ko[ sa2nne Amuk smy su2I ko[ s>ket n m5e to te Aek cetv`I s>ket rju
kre 0e.Aa s>ket ne3vkR Aopre3rne scet kre 0e.
ir>g 3opolo+
Saa2n -Ô
Saa2n -Õ
Saa2n -Ó
Saa2n -Ö
Saa2n -Ø
Saa2n -×
ir>g 3opolo+na fayda-gerfayda
• Fayda
• p/S4an Ane Aml qub j sr5 0e.
• Maa•a be =eDa` bdlIne ko[p`
sa2nne ]merI ke ka!I xkay 0e.
• gerfayda
• AektrfI §afIk Ae muQy smSya 0e.
• Aekad w>ga` pDta Aaqu ne3vkR
nkamu bne 0e.
§I 3opolo+
tema> drek sa2n sI2esI2u m@yS4 hb sa4e =eDayelu hotu n4I p` mo3awagna
sa2no gO` hb sa4e =eDayela hoy 0e je m@yS4 hb sa4e =eDayela hoy 0e.
La>aba A>tr su2I p/sairt 4[ xke te ma3e m@yS4 hb s>ketone
xiktxa5I bnave 0e.jyare gO` hb Ae ma•a sa2nona wOitk
=eDa` ma3e 0e.
tema> bs Ane S3ar 3opolo+no smNvy krvama> AaVyo 0e.
Saa2n -Ó
Saa2n -Ô
m@yS4 iny>•ak
gO` hb
Saa2n -Õ
gO` hb
Saa2n -Ö
Saa2n -×
Saa2n -Ø
§I 3opolo+na fayda-gerfayda
• Fayda
• tema> m@yS4 hb sa4e v2u sa2no
=eDI xkay 0e.
• gerfayda
• =e ilNk m@yS4 hb4I 0u3I pDe to
Aaqu ne3vkR 9itg/St bne 0e.
ha[ib/D 3opolo+
Aa 3opolo+ma> j½iryat mujb bs,S3ar,ir>g A4va mex 3opolo+nu>
s>yojn hoy 0e.
Aa 3opolo+na fayda Ane gerfayda kya p/karnI 3opolo+nu> s>yojn
krayu 0e tena pr rhe 0e.
Ha[b/ID 3opolo+
ne3vkR -A
bs
S3ar
S3ar
ne3vkR -B
ne3vkR -C
ne3vkRna iviv2 p/kar
lokl Aeirya ne3vkR
me§opolI3n Aeirya ne3vkR
Vaa[D Aeirya ne3vkR
Loakl Aeirya ne3vkR
Aekj s>kulma> rhela kMPyu3r =eDva ma3e len ]pyogI 0e.
te v2uma> v2u Aek iklomI3rna A>tre Aavela kMPyu3r =eDva ma3e
]pyogI 0e.
Maa•a Aekj 3opolo+no ]pyog krI xke 0e.
ne3vkR-Ô
ne3vkR-Ó
Loakl Aeirya
ne3vkR-Õ
ne3vkR
me§opolI3n Aeirya ne3vkR
S4an - Ô
S4an - Ó
=her xherI ne3vkR
Aek ik.im. 4I v2uma> v2u dx ik.im.na
ivStarma> Aavela kMPyu3rne =eDva
ma3e ]pyogI 0e.
S4an - Õ
Vaa[D Aeirya ne3vkR
Ko[Aek dexma>,ko[Aek q>Dma> ke
smg/ iv&vma> ivStarI xkay 0e.
[N3rne3 Ae ven 0e je smg/iv&vma>
felayel 0e.
Personal Area Network
•
•
•
A PAN is a network that is used for
communicating among computers and
computer devices (including
telephones) in close proximity of
around a few meters within a room
It can be used for communicating
between the devices themselves, or for
connecting to a larger network such as
the internet
PAN’s can be wired or wireless
–
–
PAN’s can be wired with a computer
bus such as a universal serial bus: USB
(a serial bus standard for connecting
devices to a computer, where many
devices can be connected concurrently)
PAN’s can also be wireless through the
use of bluetooth (a radio standard
designed for low power consumption
for interconnecting computers and
devices such as telephones, printers or
keyboards to the computer) or IrDA
(infrared data association) technologies
Open system interconnection model
Aopn isS3m [N3r knekxn moDel sat Strma> rjU krel 0e. Je be kMPyu3r vCce
s>carnI AaqI p/ik/ya n¡I kre 0e.
AeiPlkexn leyr:- De3a me5vva Ane p/ezN3exn leyrne moklva
p/ezN3exn leyr:- De3a pr p/StutktaR ix8Rk lgave 0e.
sexn leyr:-te AeiPlkexnne qolva, b>2 krva Ane go#vvanI suiv2a purI paDe 0e.
§aNspo3R leyr:- ne3vkR leyrne ivn>tI moklvanu> kayR kre 0e.
ne3vkR leyr:- [N3rne3 Aa2airt kayR kre 0e. te De3a peke3ne A>t su2I pho>caDvama> kayR9m
wag wjve 0e.
De3ailNk leyr:- ifzIkl leyr su2I De3a moklave 0e.
ifizkl leyr:- te kMPyu3r B na ifizkl leyrne De3a moklvanu> kayR kre 0e.
•kMPyu3r-A ÜmoklnarÝ
kMPyu3r-B me5vnar
leyr-Ù
AeiPlkexn leyr
AeiPlkexn leyr
leyr-Ø
p/ezN3exn leyr
p/ezN3exn leyr
leyr-×
sexn leyr
sexn leyr
leyr-Ö
§aNspo3R leyr
§aNspo3R leyr
leyr-Õ
ne3vkR leyr
ne3vkR leyr
leyr-Ô
De3a ilNk leyr
De3a ilNk leyr
leyr-Ó
ifizkl leyr
ifizkl leyr
wOitk ma@ym
De3a p/sar` drimyan ]´wvtI ke3lIk 9itAo nIce mujb 0e.
 Aekl bI3 9it:Aek bI3 bdla[ne Ò ne bdle Ó A4va Ó ne bdle Ò 4[ =y 0e.
Ò Ó Ó Ó Ò Ó Ó Ò
 bS3R 9it :-
Ò Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó Ò
be 4I v2u bI3 bdla[ ne Ò ne bdle Ó A4va Ó ne bdle Ò 4[ =y 0e.
Ò Ò ÒÓ Ó Ó Ó Ò
Ò Ó ÓÓ Ó Ò Ó Ò
9it xo2vanI iviv2 rIt :-
vi3Rkl irDyuNDNsI cek
loiNz3yuiDnl irDyuNDNsI cek
ceksm
Saa[kilk irDyuNDNsI cek
Aitrek:- 9it pkDva De3a sa4e ke3lak v2arana bI3 moklva. moklnar ¹ara
v2arana bI3 ]mervama> Aave 0e. Ane me5vnar ¹ara tene ka!I naqvama> Aave
0e.
vi3Rkl irDyuNDNsI cek
Aa pµit ma> drek De3a bI3 sa4e perI3I bI3 trIke Ao5qato Aek v2arano bI3 Ae rIte
]mervama> Aave 0e ke je4I Aaqa De3a yuin3ma> peir3I bI3 siht Ó bI3nI s>Qya bekI
s>Qya bne 0e.
da.t.moklnarna p9e mU5 De3a- Ó Ó Ò Ò Ò Ò Ó
moklvapa•a nvo De3a - Ó Ó Ó Ò Ò Ò Ò Ó
Even parity
Generator
Ó
Even parity
Checking
function
Ó
1100001
1100001
Sender
Count total
Number of 1s
=four(even)
Is total number
Of 1 Is even?
Yes, data are accepted
Receiver
loiNz3yuiDnl irDyuNDNsI cek
bI3no Aek smuh ko*3k Sv½pe go#vvama> Aave 0e.
De3ane ÕÔ bI3na smuhma> moklvane bdle car AaDI hro5 Ane Aa# ]wI hro5 na bnela
Aek ko*3kna ½pe moklvama> Aave 0e.
da.t.moklnarna p9e mU5 De3a-
ÓÓÓÒÒÓÓÓ ÓÓÒÓÓÓÒÓ
ÒÒÓÓÓÒÒÓ ÓÒÓÒÓÒÒÓ
me5vnarna p9e mU5De3a vta LRC
ÓÓÓÒÒÓÓÓ ÓÓÒÓÓÓÒÓ ÒÒÓÓÓÒÒÓ
ÓÒÓÒÓÒÒÓ ÓÒÓÒÓÒÓÒ
ÓÓÓÒ
ÒÓÓÓ
ÓÓÒÓ
ÓÓÒÓ
ÒÒÓÓ
ÓÒÒÓ
ÓÒÓÒÓÒÒÓ
ÓÒÓÒ
ÓÒÓÒ
pir`am xUNy 0e te4I De3a SvIkarxe.
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÓÓÓÒ
ÒÓÓÓ
ÓÓÒÓ
ÓÓÒÓ
ÒÒÓÓÓÒ
ÓÒÓÒÓÒ
ÓÒÓÒÓ
ÒÓÒ
ceksm
De3ana b2a Ò ne Ó Ane Ó ne Ò krI devama> Aave 0e tene ceksm khevay 0e.
Aa pµitma> moklnarna p9e De3a Aekmone n bI3na Aeksrqa wagma> vhe>cvama> Aave 0e.
AeknI purk pµit ¹ara tene Ae rIte ]mervama> Aave 0e ke teno srva5o p` n bI3 je3lo 4ay
srva5ana drek A>kne ]l3avI devay 0e.Ae3le ke ceksm krvama> Aave 0e.
mU5 De3a na 0eDe ceksm =eDI devama> Aave 0e.Ane moklI Aapvama> Aave 0e.
me5vnar m5el De3a Aekmne n bI3na Aeksrqa wagma> vhe>ce 0e.Tyarbad b2awagne wega krI ne pir`amne
]l3avvama> Aave 0e.
=e pir`am Ò m5e to De3a SvIkarvama> Aave 0e.
me5vnarna p9e
mu5
De3a
moklnar na p9e
ÓÒÓÒÓÒÒÓ ÒÒÓÓÓÒÒÓ
ÓÒÓÒÓÒÒÓ ÒÒÓÓÓÒÒÓ ÒÒÒÓÓÓÒÓ
ÓÒÓÒÓÒÒÓ
ÒÒÓÓÓÒÒÓ
ÒÒÒÓÓÓÒÓ
ÓÓÓÓÓÓÓ
Ó
srva5o purk s>Qya
ÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒ
ÓÒÓÒÓ
ÒÒÓÒÒ
ÓÓÓÒÒ
Ó
ÓÓÓÒÒ
ÒÓÒ
ÒÒÒÓÓÓ
ÒÓ
Saa[k\ilk irDNDNsI cek
Aa pµitma> De3a yuin3ne puvRin2aRrIt wajys>Qya vDe wagIne
v2arana bI3 me5vvama> Aave 0e.
Jema xe8 Ae CRC 0e. Je v2arana bI3 dxaRve 0e. Aa v2arana
bI3 sa4e De3ane moklvama> Aave 0e.
mee5vnarna p9e v2arana bI3 sa4ena De3ane wajys>Qya vDe
wagvama> Aave 0e.Ane =e xe8 Ò m5xe to De3ano SvIkarxe.