Karen Horney
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Transcript Karen Horney
Karen Horney
Hamburg Germany
Early Adulthood
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
Germany’s World War I
Reparations
More severe limitations of
immigration to the United States
Britain & France at War with
Germany - 1939
Nazi troops march through Paris
Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
America Declares War
Man’s Inhumanity to Man
Nazi Concentration camps & Atomic bombs
McCarthyism
“A list of 205 names…”
Karen Horney
September 16, 1885 – December 4, 1952
Karen Horney
Major Theories
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Feminine Psychology
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Freud’s Theory
Mental Problems Arise From:
Conflict between the id, ego and superego
Fixation in Psychosocial Development
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Karen’s Theory
Mental Problems Arise From Environmental
Factors Specific to Culture and Time
Parenting Practices
Money, Food, Jobs, Providing for Family
Neuroses Share Central Conflicts but are
Manifested Differently in Each Person
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Attitudes of Anxious People
Affection
Evaluation of the Self
Self-Assertion
Aggression
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Parent-Child Social Interaction
Basic Needs
Safety
Biological
Fulfilled Needs
Healthy Adult
Unfulfilled Needs
Basic Evil
Neurotic
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Basic Evil
Hostile or Indifferent Parents
Basic Hostility in Child
Shapes Child’s Worldview
Repressed Hostility
Situational or Character
Basic Anxiety
Constant
Underlies Everything
The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
Neurotic Adjustments to Basic Anxiety
Moving Toward People
Moving Against People
Moving Away From People
Neurotic Adjustments to Basic Anxiety
Moving Toward
Affection
Submissiveness
Moving Against
Power
Moving Away
Withdrawal
Normal Adjustment Patterns
Utilize all three
Feminine Psychology
“Psychoanalysis is the creation of a male
genius, and almost all of those who have
developed his ideas have been men. It is
only right and reasonable that they should
evolve more easily a masculine
psychology and understand more of the
development of men than of women.”
(Horney, 1967, p. 15)
Feminine Psychology
Goal: Objective View
Freud’s Conclusions:
Personality is determined by gender
Childbirth is Women’s only Pleasure
Women Envy Men
Feminine Psychology
Horney’s Conclusions
Personality is Determined by Culture
Motherhood is Pleasurable
Men Envy Women
Women Are Not Biologically Inferior, But
are Culturally Inferior
Women Characterized as Masculine are
Simply Seeking Equality
Karen Horney’s Professional Struggles
Road to Education
Road to Theories of Neurosis
Road to Fall-Out
Road to Education
Family pressure not to attend Medical
School
Society and Universities did not reward
women for class work
Ability & Personality eventually earned her
respect from professors and colleagues
Road to Her Theories of Neurosis
Looked at neurosis differently than others
One’s effort to make existence tolerable
Child perception Vs. Parent’s intentions
Road to Her Fall-Out
Motivated by her discovery of a
discrepancy in Freud’s theories of
psychoanalysis
Holistic concept of blockage in contrast to
Freud’s mechanistic notion of resistance
Forced to resign
Research Data that Support Theories
Questioning Previous Research
Influence of Philosophy in her Research
Questioning Previous Research
Men were only analyzing other men
Freud believed his own theory was
unsatisfactory and incomplete
Philosophy and the Masculine Civilization
Influence of Philosophy in Her Research
New Points of View by way of philosophy,
in essays by Georg Simmel
Whole Civilization is a Masculine
Civilization
Psychology of women strictly from the
point of view of men
Strengths of Horney’s Theories and Ideas
Provided optimism
Elaborated/Modified Freud's concepts
Ego-ideal
Defense mechanisms
Created feminine complements to Freud's ideas
Acknowledged social, cultural, and
environmental factors play a role in development
Focused more on the present and future rather
than past experience
Weakness of Horney’s Theories and
Ideas
All ideas are based on clinical observation
Concept of Idealized self is a false picture
of personality
Neurotic needs is not a realistic way of
dealing with anxiety
Her Influence
Hypercompetitiveness
Erik Erickson and “basic mistrust”
Therapeutic Techniques
Present situation
Interpersonal
Group therapy
Karen Horney
Overcame Many Obstacles in Her Time
Active Career
Contended with Major Theories
Overcame Personal Struggles
Karen Horney
“After confronting Freud’s male-oriented
psychology with her own so-called
feminine psychology, she prepared the
way for a philosophy, psychology, and
psychoanalysis of whole people living and
interacting with their changing
environments” (Kelman, 1967, p.31)
References
Endler, N. (1965). A behavioristic interpretation of the psychotherapy
system of karen horney. The Canadian Psychologist (6a), 188-201.
Engler, Barbara (1999). Personality theories: an introduction (5th
Edition). Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Hergenhahn, B.R., (2005). An introduction to the history of
psychology (5th Edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson
Learning.
Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York:
W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
---. (1939). New ways in psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
---. (1967). Feminine Psychology (H. Kelman, Ed.). New York: W.W.
Norton & Company Inc.
Horney, Karen (2006). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 1,
2006, from
Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service:
http://www.brittanica.com/eb/article?tocld=93613.
Schultz, P.D. Schultz, E. S., (2004). A History of Modern
Psychology ( 8th Edition)
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning