AJ 53 – Police Field Operations - Sierra College Administration of
Download
Report
Transcript AJ 53 – Police Field Operations - Sierra College Administration of
AJ 53 –
Police Field Operations
Chapter 1 –
Introduction to
Patrol Operations
Patrol Roles and Responsibilities
Roles
Government agent
Crime Fighter
Mediator
Problem Solver
Investigator
Jailer
Parent
Social Worker
Responsibilities
Uniformed Visibility
Public Accessibility
Law Enforcement
Community Policing
Crime Prevention
Crime Suppression
Public Information
Assist Prosecution
Evolution of Patrol
Patrol derives from Patrouiller (French)
“ to tramp around in the mud”
Literally – making regular, repeated circuits
of an area to guard or inspect
Early America
Night watchmen on “patrol”
Sometimes volunteers or those being punished
Eventually became paid, professional,
government employees
Professional Era of
Law Enforcement (1940’s & 1950’s)
Reforms due to earlier days of corruption
Many cops were military veterans
White male dominance
Lack of gender/cultural diversity
Efforts to professionalize
Higher education encouraged
Pre-employment testing
Academy training
“To Protect and Serve”
Primary goals of Law Enforcement
Reactive
Traditional mode of responding to calls for
service “after the fact”
Take report, investigate, and arrest
Proactive
Community Policing, Problem-Solving, etc.
Cooperation + Communication = Trust
Reduce crime & fear of crime
Participative Law Enforcement
How did people “police” themselves
before the days of modern Law
Enforcement?
How does the local police/sheriff’s
department make sure people feel safe?
Public Safety is the mutual responsibility
of both the Police and the
Community!
Cooperation and Communication
Crime Prevention
Why do people commit crime?
How does Law Enforcement try to prevent
crime from occurring?
What are some of the barriers to preventing crime
from occurring?
Reduce desire
Increase cost/risk
Rehabilitation
How do you measure success of crimeprevention programs?
Crime Repression
Repression = reduction or
elimination of opportunity to commit
crime
Uniformed patrol, security officers
Foot patrols, PR contacts, Field
Interviews
In-store anti-theft devices
Video surveillance
Lighting
Success relies on public’s fear of
being caught and punished
Elements of Identification,
Apprehension, and Prosecution
Knowledge of criminal law
Quick response
Control scene
Initiate investigation
Communication skills
Penal Code sections
Elements of crimes
Laws of Arrest, Terry, Miranda, etc.
Build trust and cooperation
Interviewing, information gathering
Evidence collection
Future use in court
Traffic Flow and
Collision Reduction
Collision-free traffic flow = safety!
Vehicles and pedestrians
Police identify causes of congestion and
methods to reduce it through…
Enforcement
Engineering
Which violations? Where? When?
Patrol officers provide valuable input
Education
Citation? Warning? Lecture?
Keeping the Peace
830.1 PC defines cops as…
Peace Officers!!!
Majority of patrol time spent on noncriminal activities
Keeping the Peace
Civil matters
PR contacts
Lost & Found
Community Service
Crisis Planning and
Emergency Preparedness
Ever alert for any emergency
Natural disasters
Major incidents
Earthquakes, fires, storms, floods, etc.
Airplane/Train crashes, Chemical spills, Riots,
etc.
State and Departmental policy will
assist with proper response
SEMS, update training
“Routine” Patrol
What is “Patrol”?
Moving around within a designated beat/area of
responsibility during a certain timeframe
Beat Integrity
Vehicle, foot, bicycle, horse, etc.
Day-shift, Swing-shift, Nights/Graveyards
Accepting accountability for what occurs in your beat
Why should you vary your patrol “routine”?
Advantages of random, proactive patrol?
Public Gatherings
Parades, Celebrations, Rallies,
Protests…
Why does Law Enforcement provide a
visible, uniformed presence at large
public gatherings?
Maintain peace and order
Create feeling of safety
Immediate response for law violators
Riot prevention better than control!
Public Servants
Community Policing Programs
Business Security
Fires, downed wires, traffic hazards, etc.
Public Outreach
Maintain open communication with business
owners in your beat
Hazardous Conditions
PR contacts, crime-prevention tips, etc.
Neighborhood meetings, school presentations
Tour Guide
Directions, available services, etc.
Calls For Service
Many are not crime-related!
Neighborhood disputes
Landlord-tenant disputes
Repossessions
Child-custody issues
Many result in referrals to other public
agencies
Small-claims court
Better Business Bureau
Animal Control
Traffic Control and
Enforcement
What are a patrol officer’s responsibilities for
enforcing traffic laws?
Public safety
Collision prevention
Generate revenue
How does an officer decide what areas to
focus on during patrol shift?
Minor violations
Parking
DUI
Specific locations
Developing Positive Contacts
Good cops build positive relationships with people…
How?
Victims, witnesses, suspects, etc.
Benefits may return down the road
Treat everyone with due respect
Cultivating informants
Motivation?
Integrity?
Honesty?
Reliability?
Preliminary Investigations
Responsibilities upon arrival at crime scene,
traffic accident, suspicious circumstances, etc.
Personal safety
Protection and control of the scene
Dispatch, other officers, supervisor
Interviews & Note Taking
Suspects, weapons, evidence
Communication
Officer, victim, witnesses
First-aid, ambulance, etc.
Victim/witness statements
Report Writing
Evidence
Evidence is key to successful
prosecution!
Identifying
Photographing, Sketching/Drawing
Before anything moved or disturbed
Collecting
What is possible evidence?
Proper handling, packaging
Minimize contamination for future testing
Chain-of-Custody must be
maintained!
Arresting Offenders
Suspects usually gone before you arrive,
but if still present…
Reasonable Suspicion to Detain?
Probable Cause to Arrest?
Pat-down for weapons only (Terry vs. Ohio)
Misdemeanor? Felony? Private-Person’s Arrest?
Miranda?
Booking at County Jail
Bail?
Release on Own Recognizance (OR)?
Report Writing
Crucial part of officer’s responsibilities
Largely overlooked by media
Majority of shift may be spent “writing
paper”
Reports must be…
Clear, Concise, Thorough!
Factual
Accurate
Objective
Facts vs. Opinions
Basis for future testimony
Deployment of Personnel
Department managers (Chief, Sheriff, etc.)
decide how to deploy personnel efficiently
Refer to factors listed on pages 34-40
Other considerations…
Rotation of assignments
Shift work
Permanent or temporary?
5-8’s, 4-10’s, 3-12’s?
Promotions
Experience level may diminish
Proactive vs. Reactive Patrol
Is random patrol effective?
Why or why not?
What should happen between calls for
service?
Traditional Policing
Respond, investigate, arrest, repeat
Community Policing
Initiate positive contacts, communicate, build trust
and cooperation with community members
Discretionary Decision Making
Discretion = The ability to exercise
freedom of choice in daily activity and
decisions
How does this connect to Patrol work?
What factors guide an individual
officer’s discretionary decision making?
Statutory and Case Laws
Department Policy
Personal Biases and Prejudices
Ethics and Integrity
Part of Professional Organizations
Medicine = Hippocratic Oath (400 BC)
ABA = Rules of Professional Conduct
Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
Adopted in 1956 by IACP
Taken as oath by all Calif. Peace Officers
Useless unless put into practice
Must be genuinely believed in/adhered to
Should be displayed by all within the profession
Civil and Criminal Liability
Civil Liability = financial responsibility for
damages caused by officer/department
Common reasons for lawsuits against
individual officers and their departments
False arrest/imprisonment
Excessive force
Violation of constitutional rights
Racial Profiling
Criminal Liability = criminal charges filed
against officers for illegal conduct
Peace Officers’ Bill of Rights
Enacted by CA Legislature, 1980
Procedural protections for officers
facing potentially punitive actions
Reasonable interrogation
Notified of charges
Access to interview tapes
No forced polygraph
Time to respond in writing