Transcript on production systems and tree planting in Njombe

Production systems and tree planting in
Njombe, Tanzania – A study area description
Lande, N., Asheim, L.J. & Eik, L.O.
SUA/Noragric/NILF
Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
Production systems in Njombe
Challenges and opportunities
Objective
Method and model parameters
Findings
Discussion and summary
Future work
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Introduction to Njombe
High altitude farming area (1600-1800 m asl)
Flat terrain, suitable for mechanized agriculture
Main industry in the area: wattle, tea and agriculture
Tanganyika Wattle Company (TANWAT) have been
planting forest since 1949
One rainy season: December-April
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Production systems in Njombe
Manual field work
Crop-livestock dominant agricultural system
Mostly dairy cows (Friesian, Ayshire, Jersey)
and indigenous cows
Some goats and poultry
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Challenges and opportunities
Climate change awareness
Introduction of fast growing tree species
Rain-fed agriculture (seasonal)
Degraded soil
Malnutrition and food insecurity
Southern agricultural growth corridor of
Tanzania (SAGCOT)
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Objective
Modelling production systems in Njombe
Examine economic and environmental constraints in
agriculture, identify and study farm level
development paths
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Method
Structured household interviews
Pre-determined villages to cover different areas
in Njombe (Magoda, Kichiwa and Ibumila N=60)
Farmer meetings were held to identify a variety
of production systems
Farmers selected on a voluntarily basis
GPS used to quality check size of a few farm
plots
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NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Iringa
Urban
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Iringa Rural
Legend
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Samples
Kilolo
Railroads
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Main Roads
Mbarali
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Mufindi
Kilombero
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Makete
Rungwe
Njombe
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Kyela
Ulanga
Songea Rural
Ludewa
Namtumbo
Mbinga
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Method: What we inquired about
Time spent walking to each plot from house
Crops; yields, seeds, manure, DAP, Urea etc per ha
 Work h – from land preparation to harvest/market
Livestock management; feeds, grazing, work h
Veterinary expenses, shed maintenance, other
costs
Use of crop residues for animal feeding
Forest products e.g. firewood, charcoal
Other NWFP e.g. honey, medicine herbs, fruits etc.
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Farming activities
1) Growing fruits and vegetables for sale
and self-sufficiency
2) Managing pasture crops and/or
multipurpose trees (MPPT) for feeding
3) Livestock keeping
4) Planting trees for timber and fuelwood
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Findings
Average plot size cultivated area: 1.1 ha
Average plot size farm forest area: 4.6 ha
Plots per HH: 2.7
Average total size : 8.8 ha
Walking time from farmhouse:
5.5 min (nearest)
37.7 min to more distant field
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Findings: Crops
Crop type
Plot average, ha
Beans
(6 plots)
2.6
Chinese cabbage
(1 plots)
0.2
Fodder trees
(11 plots)
0.6
Fruits
(28 plots)
0.6
Irish potatoes
(39 plots)
1.1
Maize
(98 plots)
1.0
Pasture
(18 plots)
0.9
Sunflower
(2 plots)
1.0
Sweet potatoes
(1 plot)
0.8
Tomatoes
(1 plot)
0.6
Wheat
(1 plot)
2.4
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Findings: Farm forest
Tree type
Plot average, ha
Pine (47 plots)
6.2
Eucalyptus (18 plots)
1.9
Black wattle (10 plots)
1.8
Other findings:
 Most crop residues left in the field
 9 of 60 HH fed crop residues to animals
 Total crop residue fed to animals: 304 kg
 50% of crop residues from maize
 Average fuelwood collection/y: 27 378.7 kg
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Example: 1 ha of maize
Yield: 1 520 kg
Inputs:
Seeds: 14.3 kg
Manure: 2 118 kg
Diammonium phosphate (DAP): 65.8 kg
Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN): 25 kg
Urea: 62.6 kg
Fungicide: 0.3 kg
Pesticide: 203.4 ml
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Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute (NILF)
Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Findings: Livestock production
Most common livestock:
Dairy cattle: 2.9/hh
Local cattle: 2.4/hh
Poultry: 23/hh
Meat goats: 0.25/hh, Pigs: 0.7/hh
Milk per cow: 8 L /day for 8 months= (1 920 L/y)
Calves per cow/y: 1
Eggs produced/day: 5.9 (=0,26/hen/day)
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Findings: Livestock production cont.
Dairy cows mainly kept and fed in sheds
Concrete or wooden sheds
Indigenous cattle and goats grazing (4-6 h)
and kept in kraals (night)
Poultry roaming at the farm
Pigs kept in kraals and fed maize bran
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Findings: Labour requirement
Vegetable crops are labour intensive:
Tomatoes, 632 h/ha
Irish potatoes, 317 h/ha
Maize, 311 h/ha
Pasture and fodder trees is labour intense
Pasture 290 h/ha, mostly harvesting
Fodder trees 213 h/ha, mostly harvesting
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Labour requirement cont.
Trees (15 years rotation) needs less
labour:
Pine: 13 h/ha and year,
Eucalyptus: 9 h/ha
Black wattle: 15 h/ha
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Summary and discussion
 Vegetables and dairy cows are the main sources
of livelihood for smallholders in Njombe
 Some fruits, pork and poultry in addition
 Intensification of cow milk production possible
 More concentrate feedstuff needed in that case
 More pasture and MPPT for soil C-sequestration?
 Planting of forests for C-sequestration and as a
source of supplementary income?
 What is the best option economically and
environmentally in the area ?
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Further work
A detailed study report will be published as
a discussion paper on the web page of
NILF
A Linear programming (LP) model will be
built with parameters assessed based on
the questionnaire
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Nashukuru sana!
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