AP Biology Phylum Nematoda Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical
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Transcript AP Biology Phylum Nematoda Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical
Invertebrate and
Vertebrate Evolution
and Diversity
AP Biology
2007-2008
Animal Evolution
Cnidaria
Porifera
sponges
jellyfish
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Echinoderm
Arthropoda
flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented
worms
insects
spiders
Chordata
starfish
vertebrates
backbone
segmentation
endoskeleton
coelom
body cavity
bilateral symmetry
tissues
multicellularity
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Ancestral Protist
Phylum Porifera
Sponges
no distinct tissues or organs
do have specialized cells
no symmetry
sessile (as adults)
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food taken into each
cell by endocytosis
Phylum Cnidaria
Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
tissues, but no organs
two cell layers
radial symmetry
predators
tentacles surround
gut opening
extracellular
digestion
release enzymes
into gut cavity
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Stinging cells of Cnidarians
mouth
tentacles
sensory
cell
stinging
cell
hydra
trigger
stinging cell
with nematocyst
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discharged
nematocyst
undischarged
nematocyst
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
tapeworm, planaria
mostly parasitic
bilaterally symmetrical
allows high level of specialization
within parts of the body
now have a mouth at one end
& an anus at the other!
ectoderm
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mesoderm
endoderm
Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
bilaterally symmetrical
have both mouth & anus
well-developed digestive system
many are parasitic
hookworm
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C. elegans
Phylum Mollusca
Mollusks
clams, snails, squid
bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)
soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
true coelem
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Phylum Annelida
Segmented worms
earthworms, leeches
segments are not specialized
bilaterally symmetrical
true coelem
fan worm
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leech
Phylum Arthropoda
Spiders, insects, crustaceans
most successful animal phylum
bilaterally symmetrical
segmented
allows jointed appendages
exoskeleton
chitin + protein
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Arthropod groups
arachnids
8 legs, 2 body parts
spiders, ticks, scorpions
crustaceans
gills, 2 pairs antennae
crab, lobster, barnacles,
shrmp
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insects
6 legs, 3 body parts
Phylum Echinodermata
Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
Water vascular system (hydraulic canals)
Locomotion, feeding, gas exchange
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radially symmetrical
spiny exoskeleton
Phylum Chordata
Two subphyla of invertebrate animals…
And the subphylum Vertebrata
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
internal bony skeleton
backbone encasing
becomes brain
& spinal cord
spinal column
skull-encased brain
becomes gills or
Eustachian tube
Oh, look…
your first
baby picture!
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pharyngeal
pouches
postanal
becomes tail tail
or tailbone
becomes
vertebrae
notochord
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
Characteristics
gills
body structure
bony & cartilaginous skeleton
jaws & paired appendages (fins)
scales
body function
gills for gas exchange
two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in
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aquatic egg
body
Transition to Land
Evolution of tetrapods
Humerus
Femur
Pelvis
Tibia
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
Lobe-finned fish
Fibula
Pelvis
Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Fibula
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Early amphibian
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
350 mya
frogs
salamanders
toads
Class Amphibia
Characteristics
lung
body structure
legs (tetrapods)
moist skin
buccal
cavity
glottis
closed
body function
lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
three-chambered heart;
veins from lungs back to heart
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
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250 mya
Class Reptilia
Characteristics
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
body structure
dry skin, scales, armor
body function
lungs for gas exchange
thoracic breathing; negative pressure
three-chambered heart
ectotherms
leathery
reproduction
shell
embryo
amnion
internal fertilization
external development in
amniotic egg
chorion
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allantois
yolk sac
150 mya
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
Class Aves (Birds)
Characteristics
body structure
feathers & wings
thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton
body function
very efficient lungs & air sacs
four-chambered heart
endotherms
reproduction
internal fertilization
external development in
amniotic egg
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trachea
lung
anterior
air sacs
posterior
air sacs
220 mya / 65 mya
mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
Class Mammalia
Characteristics
body structure
hair
specialized teeth
body function
muscles
contract
lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
four-chambered heart
diaphragm
endotherms
contracts
reproduction
internal fertilization
internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta
birth live young
mammary glands make milk
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Class Mammalia
Sub-groups
monotremes
egg-laying mammals
duckbilled platypus, echidna
marsupials
pouched mammals
short-lived placenta
koala, kangaroo, opossum
placental
true placenta
shrews, bats, whales, humans
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Vertebrate quick check…
Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which
are endothermic
Why must amphibians live near water?
What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful?
What characteristics distinguish the 3 subgroups of mammals?
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