Transcript Definition of Primary and Secondary Energy (ara vergaard, Statistics Norway)

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Definition of
Primary and
Secondary
Energy
Ms. Sara Øvergaard, Advisor, Statistics Norway
4th meeting of the Oslo Group on Energy Statistics,
2-6 February 2009, Ottawa, Canada
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Current UN definition
Concepts and Methods in Energy Statistics, UN, 1982.
“Primary energy should be used to designate those sources
that only involve extraction or capture, with or without
separation from contiguous material, cleaning or grading,
before the energy embodied in that source can be converted
into heat or mechanical work.”
“Secondary energy should be used to designate all sources
of energy that results from transformation of primary
sources”
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OECD/IEA/Eurostat, Energy Statistics Manual,
Paris, 2005.
The manual does not provide a formal definition, but it
explains the related concept of primary energy commodities
“Energy commodities are either extracted or captured
directly from natural resources (and are termed primary)
such as crude oil, hard coal, natural gas, or are produced
from primary commodities.”
“Secondary energy comes from the transformation of
primary or secondary energy.”
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Do we need definitions on primary and
secondary energy products?
• The concept of primary and secondary energy is used
especially in energy statistics in the course of compilation of
energy balances
– To avoid double counting, it is important to be able to separate new
energy entering the system (primary) and the energy that is
transformed within the system (secondary)
• Useful in
– energy planning when developing long-range policies
– energy analysts who are concerned with broader energy or
environmental issues
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International Recommendation on Energy
Statistics
Chapter 3. Standard International Energy Classification
”IRES should contain a clear and internationally agreed
definition of primary and secondary energy. This will affect,
among other things, the measuring and recording of
energy flows in the energy balances.”
”SIEC will provide a clear identification of the energy
sources/carriers as primary/secondary”
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Problem
The classification of energy commodities as primary or
secondary is not consistent between the
OECD/IEA/EUROSTAT manual and the UN manuals
• The main differences relates to the commodities electricity
and heat
• Classifications is not always consistent with definitions
• The classification is sometimes founded on the type of
source (natural source vs non natural source, renewable vs
non renewable source) or on the activity/process involved in
making the energy commodity
(tranformation/extraction/capture)
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Example: Classification of electricity
Hydro, Wind
Nuclear fusion
Geothermal and Coal, natural
Solar Thermal
gas, oil,
renewables
and waste
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Solar, Tide
Wave
UN
manuals
Primary
OECD/IEA/ Primary
EUROSTAT
manual
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UN Line of arguments
• Electricity and heat are special, because they can be
generated from many sources, both primary and secondary
energy sources.
• But electricity generated from a primary energy source is
not classified as primary electricity…
• Primary electricity is rather classified based on wether the
source the electricity is generated from is renewable or nonrenewable
• But, if we already have a classification of electricity as
renewable or non-renewable, does not the classification
primary and secondary electricity become obsolete?
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OECD/IEA/EUROSTAT – Line of reasoning
“Consider the energy obtained from any device driven
mechanically by air or water (wind, hydro, wave, tidal
power etc.). In almost all cases the mechanical force
present in the moving parts of the apparatus is used to
generate electricity ([…]). As there is no other outlet for
the mechanical power before it is used for electricity
generation, the energy form used to represent hydro,
wind and tidal power is the electricity they generate. No
attempt is made to adopt the mechanical energy as
the primary energy form as it would have no utility
in energy statistics. The primary electricity produced
from these devices is sometimes referred to as nonthermal electricity as no heat is required for its
production.”
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Example: Heat from Nuclear
OECD/IEA/EUROSTAT manual
• ”Primary heat arise from…..nuclear reactors….” p.22
• ”Secondary heat is obtained from nuclear fission of nuclear
fuels” p.39
UN manuals
• ”The primary energy input to nuclear electricity should in
principle be defined as the heat released by reactors…”
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How should new definitions be reformulated?
A formal definition consists of three parts:
• The term to be defined
– primary energy and secondary energy
• The general class to which the term belongs
– energy embodied in sources and commodities
• The distinguishing characteristics that separate these
term from all other members of its class.
– Primary energy commodities is obtained from energy sources which
is in its natural form cannot be used or traded for energy purposes
prior to transformation/extraction or collection
– Secondary energy commodities is derived from primary or
secondary energy products
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Conclusions
• Current definitions are formulated or applied in a similar way
between international organization
• Current definitions are not consistently used in energy
statistics
• New definitions of primary and secondary energy for
statistical purposes must take into account the logics behind
the energy balance
– Primary energy is energy entering the system of trade and use, from
a form not usable for human activity to a form that is usable
– Secondary energy is energy transformed within the system of trade
and use, from a form that is usable for human activity to another
usable form
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions can be directed to:
Ms. Sara Øvergaard
Advisor
Department on Energy Statistics
Statistics Norway
Phone: +47 21 09 49 19
Email: [email protected]
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