Transcript FWM 311

COURSE CODE: FWM 311
COURSE TITLE: ZOO AND MUSEUM
MANAGEMENT
NUMBER OF UNIT: 2 UNITS
COURSE DURATION: TWO HOURS PER WEEK
THREE HOURS PER WEEK FOR PRACTICALS
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA
COURSE COODINATOR: DR I. O. O. OSUNSINA
E-mail:
[email protected]
Office Location: E 211, COLERM
OTHER LECTURERS: PROF. S.A ONADEKO
COURSE CONTENT
Basic objectives of
Zoo and Park
Planning . Design of Zoo and Park
facilities, capture and transportation of wild
animals. Animal health, handling and care
of wild animals in captivity. Amusement
infrastructures for zoo and nature
simulation , feeding of Zoo animals, Zoo
sanitation and visitors control. Collection
and preservation of animal specimens for
educational and recreational purposes.
COURSE REQUIREMENT
This is a compulsory course for all students
in Department of Forestry and Wildlife
Management and Department of Biological
Sciences (Zoology option). In view of this,
students are expected to participate in all
the course activities and have minimum of
75% attendance to be able to write the
final examination.
DEFINITION OF ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN
• A Zoological garden is a place where wild
animals, both native and exotic are kept in
cages and paddocks for public viewing.
These animals are fed, cured of ailments,
and encouraged to breed in captivity
TYPES OF ZOO
•
Closed
•
Open
•
Temporary
•
Permanent
Designing a zoo
• TEMPORAL ZOOS: Temporal zoos are designed to take care of
animals for a short period of time. Most of the cages and paddocks
are movable (shifting cages). While natural feeds are incorporated in
zoo designs, temporal zoos lack most of these settings because it
takes quite a substantial amount to undertake such settings. In the
same manner, hippopotamus pools, Elephant House, Great Cats
House and non-improvised exhibit features are all excluded in
temporal zoos for the same reason. The temporariness of a
zoological garden set up should never be traded with temporary
safety measures or general security of the inmates. In the light of
this it is strongly advocated that the temporal zoos be on the same
grounds as the intended permanent zoo as the changes will only
affect the finances of the garden and not the permanency of the
gadgets and buildings.
Designing a zoo
• PERMANENT ZOOS
• Permanent zoos are those that have facilities to take
care of animals on permanent basis. These facilities
include buildings (administrative), cages, paddocks,
enclosures, sleeping quarters for some animals,
gardens, canteens, vet, restraint devices; semi-natural
settings, etc.
• Exhibition areas, whether indoors or outside, have to be
considered broadly in terms of de sign, for as long as the
basic requirements of the animals are met and suitable
methods for both restraint and viewing are provided,
detail of elaboration become architectural devices.
Designing a zoo
There are so many designs these days for zoological
gardens but the choice of any of the designs is heavily
dictated by money available for the project. Especially, a
standard zoo is designed with the following in mind.
(i) Size and nature of land
(ii) Status of the allocated area vis-a-vis the overall master
plan for the city/town/institution.
(iii) Money available
(iv) Behaviour of animals to be exhibited (some animals like
the elands require fairly large areas for breeding)
(v) Mode of exhibition layout
(vi) Future expansion
(vii) Natural features already on the site.
DESIGNING ANIMAL DISPLAY
In designing the display or exhibition areas,
there is always a general movement away from
zoo displays with massive bars giving the
impression of a prison for animals.
• The design factors to be considered include: (a) Safety and health of animals and visitors.
(b) Exhibit size and shape.
(c) Exhibition orientation - normally the greatest
dimension should be parallel with the public.
DESIGNING ANIMAL DISPLAY
(d) Orientation of enclosure to avoid glare, excessive sun and rain while
getting adequate breeze and ventilation.
(e) Materials to be used should be selected for hygiene and ease of
maintenance.
(f) Eye level of visitors for best viewing, exhibits must be carefully
considered including the provision of step ups to assist children and
other features.
(g) Props and decorations to impart a natural (or artistic) setting.
(h) Shift cages to enable animals to be seen and easily moved or
treated.
(i) Barriers which include cortical wires under tension, bars, rails,
moats, fencing, walls, glass, psychological, electrical (shock fences),
and thermal (refrigerated coils or hot water lines).
DISPLAY OF ANIMALS
Display of animals in a zoo should follow a specific theme; and an
ideal zoo should have its theme the general classification of which
should include:
(a) SYSTEMATIC: Arrangement of exhibits according to their
taxonomic or systematic relationship - thus all cats are in one area,
all hoofed animals are together, etc.
(b) ZOOGEOGRAPHY: The arrangement according to the exhibits
geographical origin. For a large zoo this might be African, European,
American, Asian; Australian, Eurasian, etc. More appropriate would
be a Nigerian theme, or more so a West African or African theme
with Sahelian, Savannah, Forest and Riverine or Mountane. Even
this may be too large for a beginning and a Rivers State zoo might
well initially consist of Forest, Riverine and Ocean exhibits.
(c ) HABITAT OR ECOLOGICAL: These tend to be specialist displays
of animals. An aquarium is a popular form of this theme which is
appropriate for a state like Rivers. An ocean shore tank which
generates artificial waves would be particularly interesting.
DISPLAY OF ANIMALS
(d ) BEHAVIOURAL: This theme has a
considerable potential. A typical - although rather
expensive
- theme is a nocturnal animal display which has
special lighting which enables animals only
active at night to be exhibited in day time.
(e )“POPULAR”: In which animals are selected
and presented on the basis of popular appeal
(f ) MIXTURE: All the above should be used with
discretion and some mixing of themes will
usually be advisable.
LAYOUT OF OTHER AMENITIES IN A ZOO
Features not specifically related to the
display of animals in a zoo layout but highly
essential in the layout of any permanent
zoo.
(i) Adequate parking facilities.
(ii) Entrances and exits which should be
limited but able to cope with peak periods.
LAYOUT OF OTHER AMENITIES IN A ZOO
(iii) Landscaping with proper horticultural
treatment to make the zoo an attractive
habitat and not a prison for animals.
(iv) Sculpture: Zoos are ideal settings for
sculpture gardens; especially sculptures of
animals which cannot be exhibited
because they are extinct or too difficult for
the zoo to keep.
LAYOUT OF OTHER AMENITIES IN A ZOO
(v) Public Amenities: These range from
adequate and clean toilets and
refreshment kiosks to hotel
accommodation, amusement parks, etc.
They should also relate to the appropriate
formsof building design and construction
as visitors may be intrigued by the human
artefacts for a region as the animals.
LAYOUT OF OTHER AMENITIES IN A ZOO
(vi) Method of Circulation: By footpaths, bridges,
railways etc; with adequate places for resting.
Gentle ramps should be used in preference to
steps and loose surface such as gravels which
can be used as missiles by the public (children)
should be avoided.
(vii) Administrative offices, animal hospitals,
research laboratories, maintenance workshop,
etc
GENERAL SECURITY OF ZOO
The general security of any zoo covers both the
sensitive and non-sensitive areas of the zoo.
(i) Fencing;
(ii) Secure animal cages;
(iii) Cold rooms and all food stores;
(iv) Visitor safety;
(v) Animal safety from public feeding etc;
(vi) Safety of other buildings and structures.
(Vii) FENCING: Fencing of the perimeter must be
adequate to keep animals and unauthorized
persons from getting in or out.