Transcript Day 01 06 Status and potential of locally managed marine areas

“Status and potential of locallymanaged marine areas in the
South Pacific Island Region”
Hugh Govan
LMMA Network
Content
• Based on SPREP/WWF review of regional
progress and LMMA annual reports
•
•
•
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Overview of history and status
Characteristics
Lessons and challenges
Potential for CEAFM or EBM
Evolution of LMMAs and objectives
Traditional purposes /
food allocation
Conservation
Fisheries management /
Biodiversity
PreLivelihoods
1900s
Ceremonial or
Kastom purposes
Support agencies
(Vanuatu, Fiji )
(up to 1990s)
Harvest tabu area
To protect the nesting
when fish are plentiful
Support agencies ground and rookery of
(Vanuatu)
the Hawksbill and other
(since 1990s)
sea turtles in the
To manage and protect
Arnavon Islands.
the inshore area to help
(AMCA)
increase the amount of
resources (Tonga)
Locally Managed
Marine Areas
SPECTRUM
Local or
internal
Traditional purposes /
food allocation
OF
OBJECTIVES
Conservation
Fisheries management /
Livelihoods
Ceremonial or
Kastom purposes
(Vanuatu, Fiji )
Biodiversity
Support agencies
(up to 1990s)
Harvest tabu area
Support agencies To protect the nesting
when fish are plentiful
(since 1990s) ground and rookery of
(Vanuatu)
the Hawksbill and other
To manage and protect
sea turtles in the
the inshore area to help
Arnavon Islands.
increase the amount of
(AMCA)
resources (Tonga)
Locally Managed
Marine Areas
Global or
external
Courtesy of M. Mills, JCU
Inventory of Marine Managed Areas in Pacific Countries
EEZ Area
(km²)
Territorial Waters
(TW)
(km²)
Number of
active MMAs
/ tabus
Active MMA
coverage
(km²)
% of EEZ
under
management
% of TW
under
management
Cook Islands
1,830,000
31,314
19
Fiji
1,290,000
114,464
24
217
10,880
0.001
0.8
0.06
9.5
Papua New
Guinea
3,120,000
355,699
86
59
0.002
0.02
120,000
9,995
54
209
0.2
2.1
1,340,000
140,038
113
941
0.07
0.7
Tonga
700,000
37,526
93
Tuvalu
900,000
18,975
Vanuatu
680,000
69,169
6
4
20
89
0.01
0.008
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.1
2,131,000
106,994
1
701
0.03
0.7
Kiribati
3,600,000
75,300
14
3,054*
0.08
4
Federated
States of
Micronesia
2,980,000
49,992
12
23
0.0008
0.05
Palau
601,000
14,007
28
1,126
0.2
8
TOTAL
19,292,000
1,023,473
579
17,270
0.09
1.7
Samoa
Solomon
Islands
Marshall Islands
76
*This estimation excludes the Phoenix Island Protected Area that comprises 408,250 km² making 11% of the EEZ under management once the management plan and
endowment will be finalized.
Inventory of Marine Managed Areas in Pacific Territories
EEZ Area
(km²)
Territorial
Waters (TW)
(km²)
Number of
MMAs
Active MMA
coverage
% of EEZ
under
management
% of TW
under
management
American
Samoa
390,000
9,910
19
174
0.04
1.8
French
Polynesia
5,030,000
243,885
10
2,837
0.06
1.2
1,740,000
68,865
20
16,188*
0.9
23
Niue
390,000
2,983
31
0.008
1
Tokelau
290,000
6,999
3
3
1
0.0003
0.01
Wallis and
Futuna
300,000
5,686
0
0
0
0
Guam
218,000
4,575
11
170
0.08
3.7
Northern
Marianas
1,823.000
27,217
8
13
0.0007
0.05
TOTAL
10,181,000
370,120
74
19,414
0.2
5.2
New Caledonia
* Including World Heritage core marine areas declared in 2008 comprising 15,743 km² and excluding the buffer zone of 12,871 km².
What are these marine managed areas like?
Roviana, Solomon Islands
Most are community conserved
areas or LMMAS
Fishing reserve (tabu), Solomon Islands
Community planning, Tuvalu
Sa - (No-take zones) in Safata MPA, Samoa
Traditional declaration of a tabu in Vanuatu (with pig killing)
Many are performing adaptive
management in which communities
identify problems, examine options,
implement actions and evaluate
The same adaptive management process can
be use for integrated management, disaster
preparedness, adaptation and other
community development purposes
Paunagisu, Marou and Anelgehaut in Vanuatu have watershed and development
plans integrated in their “MPA plan”
No-take zones or tabus are small
e.g. Solomon Islands
What are the sizes of tabu? (n=78)
30
27
25
25
20
15
15
10
6
5
2
1
1
1
200-50
50-25
25-10
0
10-5
5-1
1-0.5
0.5-0.1
0.1 >
Km2
…and the tabus may be periodically opened.
Importance of social networks
• Traditional ties and neighbouring communities
(trickle down)
• Government sponsored e.g. Fisheries or
Environment department in Samoa
• Provincial or district (e.g. Kadavu, GERUSA)
• National multi-stakeholder e.g. FLMMA,
SILMMA, PNG-LMMA
• Regional NGOs e.g. WWF, TNC, FSPI
• Regional mixed e.g. LMMA network, PIMPAC,
MIC
The Locally Managed Marine
Area Network (LMMA)
LMMA
Network Networks
Members
LMMA Country
PLMMA
ILMMA
PNGCLMA
SILMMA
FLMMA
Site members of the LMMA Network 2009
No. of
Villages
No. of
Tools/
MPAs
LMMA
Area
(sq km)
Tool/MP
A Area
(sq. km)
# of
Management
Plans
Legally
Gazetted
250
388
235
10,74
5
467
208
1
Indonesia
16
11
16
696.9
8
34
16
8
Palau
5
11
7
n/a
221.23
1
5
Pohnpei
7
4
7
64
15
7
7
Papua New
Guinea
12
14
37
9
4
Philippines
30
36
30
166
14
30
0
Solomon
Islands
74
148
125
249
151
60
0
Vanuatu
26
27
18
290
1
5
1
Totals
420
639
475
12,725
1,416
336
26
Country
Fiji
Total
No. of
LMMAs
512.73 512.73
Courtesy of M. Mills, JCU
Kadavu Yaubula
Management Support
Team
A. Tawake
Kadavu Yaubula
Management Support
Team
A. Tawake
What are some of the reported
benefits?
• Biodiversity (increases in tabu areas)
• Increased resource harvests (harder to measure)
Biodiversity
(increases
in
tabu
• Information, awareness and capacity
areas)
• Food security – predictable supply
• Governance and conflict management
• Community organization
Increased
resource
• Resilience and
adaptation harvests (harder
• Health
to
measure)
• Strengthen resource rights, respect, tenure…
• Cultural recovery/survival
• Integrated resource management
• An excellent basis for Integrated Island
Management / ICZM??
Some key issues
• Define new roles: Government/external
agencies’ role is support, coordination and
technical advice rather than “command and
control” – define new governance roles and
multi-sector partnerships. NGOs..?
• Go to scale and beyond MPAs: Huge potential
of tenure systems for integrated or ecosystem
based management owing to land and sea
tenure – building block of resource management
• Long term sustainability: External costs kept
very low as community provides main inputs –
beware “incentives” – sustainable use is the key
driver
• The potential is very good AND little alternative
approaches demonstrated
Support costs can be low (yearly avg)
Country
Site/project
Cost/site
Cost/km2
Cost/km2 No TakeZone
Samoa
Village Fisheries Management Programme (VFMP)
1,344
1,862
5,795
Samoa
Aleipata MPA
6,500 - 16,000
179 360
2,339 – 8,394
Samoa
Safata MPA
6,500 - 19,000
179 534
2,339 – 4,471
Solomon Islands
WFC, Isabel and Western Province
3,000
~100
3,500
Solomon Islands
WWF, Western Province
16,000/MPA
5,000/NTZ
2,900
Solomon Islands
FSPI, Malaita, Gela, Guadalcanal
1,851 - 2,569
4,634 - 6,432
Solomon Islands
TNC, Arnavon Islands
20,000
Vanuatu
FSPV
5,537
2,187
Cook Islands
WWF
5,000-10,000
15,000-30,000
Fiji
Daku
478
81
166
Fiji
Nasau
938
158
171
Fiji
Navakavu
725
39
247
Fiji
170 IAS FLMMA sites
800
14.6
265.8
Fiji
Waitabu
3,000
PNG
CFMDP, Morobe and Kavieng
3,800
125
125
12,000
Major costs are staff and transport e.g. FSPI Solomon Islands
National network
support
Government support
Personnel
External Technical
support
Communications
Office/field
equipment and
admin
Travel
Workshops/Training
Potential for taking these experiences forward as
a national approach would depend on being:
• Designed to fully integrate into government functions
over the medium term (applies to Melanesia),
• Decentralized into logistically functional management
areas (provinces or similar),
• Cost effectiveness to improve the likelihood of
sustainable financing within government budgets or from
donors / all of government approach (DRM, CCA, ICM)
• Phased or cumulative approach optimizing trickle down
or snowballing effects. 1000’s of communities..
• Simple but strategic overview and non-burdensome data
collection to enable the ongoing identification of gaps
(objectives, species, habitats, coverage and so on).
Sources and reference:
• Govan et al*. 2009. Status and potential of
locally-managed marine areas in the
Pacific Island Region. SPREP/WWF/
Reefbase/CRISP
• LMMA annual reports www.lmmanetwork.org
* Et al. = Contributions from Alifereti Tawake, Kesaia Tabunakawai, Aaron
Jenkins, Antoine Lasgorceix, Ann-Maree Schwarz, Bill Aalbersberg, Bruno
Manele, Caroline Vieux, Dan Afzal, Delvene Notere, Erika Techera, Eroni Tulala
Rasalato, Helen Sykes, Hugh Walton, Hugo Tafea, Isoa Korovulavula, James
Comley, Jeff Kinch, Jess Feehely, Julie Petit, Louise Heaps, Paul Anderson, Pip
Cohen, Pulea Ifopo, Ron Vave, Roy Hills, Seini Tawakelevu, Semese Alefaio,
Semese Meo, Shauna Troniak, Suzie Kukuian, Sylvia George, Tevi Maltali.
Munda, Solomon Islands