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藉由電視逃避自我: 媒體參予的預期心理
Television as escape from self: Psychological predictors of media
involvement
出處：ScienceDirect
作者： Dara N. Greenwood
指導教授：劉以琳 教授
組員：卜漢祥 M99f0204林維達 M99F0217
目錄
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簡介
歷代研究
研究目標
研究方法
評分方式
研究結果
總結
簡介
Parasocial interaction (or PSI) refers to the development of an imagined
friendship with a media persona such that the viewer comes to feel that they
“know” a media character or personality and forms an interpersonal
attachment that is somewhat analogous to one they would form with an
actual friend (Horton & Wohl, 1956)
類-人際互動（ Parasocial interaction簡稱PSI）是指一個想像中媒體角色的
友誼發展，讓觀眾能感覺到他們所“知道”媒體角色的性格或個性，形成
一個人際依靠，觀眾將會把這些角色當作現實中的朋友（ Horton & Wohl,
1956 ）
歷代研究
Tsao (1996) He found that neuroticism predicted increased PSI among men only.
Neuroticism-introversion (individuals scoring above the median on both
neuroticism and introversion) also appeared to predict increased TV viewing
frequency, but not parasocial interaction, for both men and women. Thus, he
found only limited support for a compensation or deficiency theory of media
use.
Tsao (1996)他發現，對於情緒穩定性(神經質)增加PSI預測限於男性之間。 在
男性和女性之間出現增加電視觀看的頻率，但不是類-人際互動預測似乎也
是神經質與內向兩種（在神經質與內向中個人的評分都處於中等以
上）。 因此，他只發現有限的支持一種補償或缺乏理論的媒體。
歷代研究
Weaver (2003) found significant associations between neuroticism and
companionship motives for consuming media. More work is needed to
clarify the specific links between psychosocial functioning – as manifested
in social anxiety, attachment styles, temperament – and parasocial interaction.
Weaver (2003)發現媒體消費是介於情緒穩定性(神經質)和友誼目的之間某些
意義的往來。更多工作是有必要去澄清社交的渴望、依附型態、性格和類人際互動(PSI)等，特定的環節是介於心理表現之間。
歷代研究
Owing in part to its roots in the field of persuasion, transportation research has
been focused almost exclusively on the attitudinal or enjoyment consequences of
transportation. Despite research that suggests we may use media strategically to
“tune out” aversive emotions or feelings about the self(Larson, 1995; Moskalenko
& Heine, 2003), few if any formal investigations have explored which indices of
emotional well being might predict increased tendency to transport and get lost in
media programs.
部分原因是它的起因在實地勸說下，傳輸研究幾乎一直專門專注在態度或是
享受結果的傳輸上。儘管研究建議我們可以利用媒體戰略去“跳出”厭惡情
緒或關於自我情感（Larson, 1995; Moskalenko & Heine, 2003），很少有正式調
查探討哪些問題點在媒體節目中去傳播和迷失可以增加情感健康的趨向。
研究目標
The present study will extend prior work by examining the links between
psychosocial functioning and parasocial interaction with favorite characters and
their tendency to transport into media programs. Notably, this study will be the
first to assess two specific domains of temperament (Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans,
2000), that tap the capacity to regulate emotional valence (negative affect) and
arousal attention (effortful control), in the context of media engagement.
本研究將延續心理社會功能之間的聯繫和類-人際互動最喜歡的角色和角色
的傾向，並運用到媒體節目。值得注意的是，這項研究將是第一個評估兩個
具體領域中的性質（ Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000 ），在內容媒體參與時，
了解其中情緒的能力（負面影響）和注意力的喚起。
研究方法
Participants
Two hundred and forty-one undergraduates (191 females, 50 males) at a large
Northeastern University participated in a questionnaire study “Media and Self”for
course credit.
參與者
東北大學兩百四十一個大學生（191位女性，50名男性）參加了問卷調查研
究“媒體與自我”課程學分。
研究方法
Participants responded to questions regarding frequency of TV viewing hours
watched on a ”typical day” (0, .5–1, 2, 3 or more), who their favorite character was
(open ended), what show this character appeared on (open ended), what genre they
considered this show to be (a list was provided: comedy, drama, reality, talk show,
news, sports, and “other”), and whether they typically viewed this show alone, with
friends, with a romantic partner or with family.
參與者回答的問題，就看電視的時間頻率上觀看一個“代表性的一天”，他們最
喜歡的角色是誰（開放式回答），什麼節目上出現這個字（開放式回答），他們
認為這個節目是什麼類型：（選單提供了：喜劇，戲劇，現實，談話節目，新聞，
體育，和“其他”），以及他們通常認為這節目是否能夠與朋友、愛人、家人、
分享或是獨自觀看。
研究方法
“My favorite TV personality keeps me company when his or her program is on
television” or “I think my favorite TV personality is like an old friend” ; a = .85.
“I sometimes feel as if I am part of the movie or TV show” ; “I find myself feeling
what the character might be feeling”; a = .83.
“當我最喜愛的電視人物出現在電視節目上，如同陪伴在我身邊”或“我
認為我最喜愛的電視人物像一個老朋友”，a = .85。
“我有時感覺好像我身處於電影或電視節目之中”，“我發現自己能夠感
受到節目中主角的感受”， a = .83. 。
研究方法
frustration (e.g. “It doesn’t take very much to make me feel frustrated or
irritated”), sadness (e.g. “Sometimes minor events cause me to feel intense
sadness), discomfort (e.g. “I find loud noises to be very irritating”) and fear (e.g.
“Sometimes I feel a sense of panic or terror for no apparent reason”)
挫折（例如：“電視節目讓我感到沮喪或生氣”），悲傷（例如，“有時
候小事情使我感到強烈的悲傷），不安（例如：”我覺得大聲喧嘩是很讓
人討厭“）和恐懼（例如“有時我沒有理由的感到恐慌或恐怖感”)
研究方法
activation control(e.g. ‘‘I can keep performing a task even when I would rather
not do it’’), attentional control (e.g.‘‘It’s often hard for me to alternate
between two different tasks,’’ reversed), and inhibitory control(e.g. ‘‘When I
see an attractive item in a store, it’s usually very hard for me to resist buying
it,’’reversed).
激活控制（例如：當我不想做這個事情時，我可以繼續執行任務），注
意力控制（例如：同時進行兩個認務對我來說是困難的），和抑制性控
制（例如：當我看到一個有吸引力的物品在一家商店時，通常我很難抗
拒買它，''顛倒）。
評分方式
A five-point Likert scale (0 = extremely untrue of me; 4 = extremely true of me; or in a
few cases where more applicable, 0 = strongly disagree; 4 = strongly agree) was used
for all question- naires in order to maintain continuity and reduce confusion in
responding. Scores for each scale were averaged and used in the analyses reported
below.
李克特量表（0 =非常不認同，4 =非常認同，或在少數情況下，更適用，0 =強烈
反對，4 =堅決同意）被用於所有的問卷以保持連續性和減少混亂的因應。各量
表得分平均，有利於分析報告。
研究結果
Eight participants did not fill out the parasocial interaction scale because they
reported not having a favorite character about whom to respond, leaving 233
participants (184 females and 49males) whose data were used in the relevant
analyses. Additionally, because the frequency of TV viewing was measured by an
incrementally increasing categorical scale (0 = 0 h/day, 1 = .51 h/day, 2 = 2 h/day,
and 3 = 3 or more), it is treated as a continuous variable.
8個參加者沒有填寫 類-人際互動問卷，因為他們回答說他們沒有喜歡的電
視角色，所以剩下233名參加者（184名女性和49男性），其數據中所使用
的相關分析。此外，因為看電視的頻率是衡量一個明確的規模逐步增加（0
-> 0小時 /天，1 ->0.5-1小時 /天，2 -> 2小時 /天，3 = 3或更多），它被視為
作為一個連續變量。
研究結果
As might be intuited by the most popular characters selected, the vast majority of
participants selected characters from situation comedies or comedy programs (70%),
followed by dramas (20%) and reality programs (5%). The remainder of characters
were drawn from news programs, sports shows, cartoons (excluding adult targeted
cartoons such as South Park and The Simpsons), and music television. The majority
of participants reported viewing their favorite program with friends (n =
142),with the next largest group indicating they watched alone (n = 70). The
remaining participants reported watching with either a romantic partner or a family
member (n = 25).
正如大家可以以最直觀的人物形象選擇，絕大多數學員們選擇的字符從情景
喜劇或喜劇節目（70％），其次是電視劇（20％）和現實方案（5％）。其
餘的字符都來自新聞節目，體育節目，卡通片（不包括成人卡通，例：南方
公園和辛普森一家），和音樂電視。大部分參與者會與朋友觀看他們喜愛的
節目（142例），第二大調查表示，他們觀看節目喜歡單獨收看（70例）。
其他的參與者喜歡與家人或是戀人觀看（25例）。
1.類-人際互動
2.交通運輸
3.收看電視時間
4.自尊
5.社會焦慮
6.焦慮
7.避稅
8.負面影響
9.努力控制
1.類-人際互動
2.交通運輸
3.收看電視時
間
4.自尊
5.社會焦慮
6.焦慮
7.避稅
8.負面影響
9.努力控制
研究總結
The present study offers new insights into the relationship between psychosocial
functioning and specific forms of media involvement, namely imagined friendship
with characters and emotional, cognitive and attentional transportation into
media programs.
本研究提供了心理社會功能之間的關係和具體形式的媒體參與新的見解，
即想像的友情與人物和情緒，認知和運用到媒體節目。
研究總結
This study was not only the first to examine a diversity of emotional well being
variables in conjunction with both parasocial interaction and transportation but it
was the first empirical demonstration of the link between parasocial interaction
and transportation tendencies. The correlation was moderately high (at r = .55),
suggesting that the two are conceptually overlapping constructs.
這項研究不僅是第一次來檢驗類-人際互動和運輸多樣性情感和幸福的變數，
它是第一個經研究實證 ，類-人際互動之間的聯繫互動和運輸的傾向。適度
的相關性高，表明兩者是概念上的重疊結構。
研究總結
Another limitation of the current study was the relatively small male sample which
precluded more meaningful gender comparisons between psychological variables and
media involvement. Although men and women did not differ on parasocial interaction
or transportability, women did score higher on negative affect and social anxiety.Future
research should continue examining how men and women may use media in different
ways to respond to their emotional states.
另一個限制，排除性別心理變數之間的比較和媒體的參與，目前的研究是有
關於男性研究的樣本較少。雖然類-人際互動或可移植性於男性和女性並無差
異性 ，但是女性於消極影響和社會焦慮的評分較高。未來的研究應繼續研究
於男性和女性之間會因為媒體的不同方式滿足他們的情感狀態。
THE END
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